COMPLICATIONS & EXERCISe

AMRUTHA.S
1st M.sc.FSMD
17PFD005
Date :20.01.2018
→ INTRODUCTION
→ DIABETES & COMPLICATIONS
→ DIABETES & EXERCISE
DIABETES

Diabetes mellitus commonly known as diabetes is a disorder of

CHO metabolism characterized by high blood sugar level
(Hyperglycemia) and high level of sugar in urine (glycosuria).

Diabetes is a metabolic disease. It can kept well under control

and reasonably managed with proper care though it cannot be
cured once it occurs.

Diabetes is the result of lack of effective insulin action.

 Complications of diabetes includes two types via;
a) Acute complications
b) Chronic complications
Acute complications include:-
1) Hypoglycemia
2) Diabetic acidosis and coma.
Chronic complications include:-
1) Diabetic retinopathy
2) Kidney diseases
3) Diabetic neuropathy
4) Cardiovascular diseases
5) Diabetic foot
 Hypoglycemia
● Hypoglycemia is also called as insulin shock .This may take place in patients who
are receiving insulin where there is imbalance between diet and insulin dosage.
● Can also occurs as a result of delayed eating , omission of food or loss of food by
vomiting or diarrhoea.
● Symptoms include:-
Pale

Nervous

Weak & hungry

Excessive perspiration

Moist skin

Uncoordinated movements

Nausea & vomiting

●Diabetic acidosis or ketoacidosis as it is known is also
characterized by elevated level of ketones in the blood.

●Diabetic coma often originates because the patients consumed

additional foods for which his insulin did not provide or because he
failed to take the correct amount of insulin or omitted it entirely.

●Sugar, acetone, & acetoacetic acid are present in the urine, the
blood glucose is elevated to very high levels and the blood carbon
dioxide content is decreased.
Symptoms includes:-
Feeling of weakness
Head ache
Anorexia
Abdominal pain
Nausea
Vomiting
Hot skin
Dry mouth
Thirsty
Acetone odor in breath
Rapid breathing
CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS

DIABETIC EYE DISEASE

Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy especially in

middle aged and elderly is people causing visual
disability
Risk of blindness which is indicated by the
deposition of white exudates and haemmorhage or
by the oedematous swelling of retinal tissues.

Cataract & other eye diseases occur earlier & more

often in diabetics than in non-diabetics.
 KIDNEY DISEASES

Progressive impairment of renal

function accompanied by urinary
protein loss and culminating in
end stage renal failure may be
seen in diabetics.
 DIABETIC NEUROPATHY

Damage to nerve fibers

conducting sensation and blood
vessels as well as the viscera is the
most common complication of
diabetes.
 CVD

●Coronary heart diseases occurs more

frequently and has notably more serious
consequences in diabetics than in non-
diabetics.

●Atherosclerotic disease of the small arteries

are responsible for the high incidence of
claudication in lower limbs and for cerebral
infractions, stroke & diffused cerebral disease.
 THE DIABETIC FOOT

Diabetics are affected by a peculiar

disability which severely damages the
tissues of the foot ant it is seen in the form
of ulceration, sepsis, and gangrene.

It may leads to the amputation of the foot.

● Regular physical activity for the diabetic should be
encouraged and incorporated in his daily routine.

● Aerobic exercise such as jogging, swimming, taking long

walks are recommended.

● For the people with IDDM the major benefits of exercise

are, cardiovascular conditioning, weight maintenance &
lowering of lipid levels.

● For people with NIDDM conditioning may also be a benefit

but, even light exercise can be important in a management
programme to control blood glucose & lipid levels.