by: Danica Gwen Fagtanan

Ruth Grace Cantil

• Method of getting a representative portion of
a population. The term population, is the
aggregate or total objects, persons, families,
species or orders of plants or of animals.
• Several study have been conducted using a
representative sample of population based on
the theory that “ a value calculated from a
sample distribution is called statistics and the
corresponding value from a population
distribution is called a parameter.
• The symbol used for a statistic is in Roman letters,
e.g. 𝑥ҧ for arithmetic mean; for parameter, Greek
letters, e.g., µ for population mean. SD is used to
refer the standard deviation or a statistic (sample
distribution), and σ for parameter (population
distribution).
• Sampling statistics is the body of statistical
methods concerned with the making of statements
about population parameters from sample
statistics.
• Hence, the data gathered in the study from a
sample distribution need to be converted into
sampling statistics for better analysis and
interpretation of results.
 1. It saves time, money, and effort.
- the researcher can save time, money, and effort
because the number of subjects involved is small. There
are only a small number to be collected, tabulated,
presented, analyzed and interpreted, but the use of
sample gives a comprehensive information of the
results of the study.

2. It is more effective.
- sampling is more for effective if every individual of
the population without bias has an equal chance of being
included in the sample and data are scientifically collected,
analyzed and interpreted.
3. It is faster and cheaper.
- since sample is only a ‘drop in a bucket,’ the
collection, tabulation, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of data are rapid and less expensive because
of the small number of subjects.

4. It is more accurate.
-fewer errors are made due to the small size of data
involved in the collection, tabulation, presentation, analysis
and interpretation.

5. It gives more comprehensive information.

- since there is a thorough investigation of the
study due to a small sample, the results give more
comprehensive I formation because all members of the
population have an equal chance
1. Sample data involve more care in preparing
detailed sub classifications because of small
number of objects.
2. If the sampling plan is not correctly designed
and followed, the results may be misleading.
3. Sampling requires an expert to conduct the
study in an area. If this is lacking. The results
could be erroneous.
4. The characteristics to be observed may occur
rarely in a population, e.g., teachers over 30
years of teaching .
5. Complicated sampling plans are laborious to
prepare.
 In planning a sampling survey, the steps
are as follows:
1. State the objectives of a survey;
2. Define the population;
3. Select the sampling individual;
4. Locate and select the source list of
particular individuals to be included in
the sample;
5. Decide the sampling design to be used;
6. Determine the sample size by using the
formula,
𝑵𝑽 +[𝑺𝒆𝟐 𝟏−𝒑 ]
𝑺𝒔 =𝑵𝑺𝒆 +[𝑽𝟐 𝒑 𝟏−𝒑 ]
where:
N= Population 𝑺𝒔 = sample size
V= standard value(2.58) of 1 per cent level of probability with 0.99
reliability level
p= largest possible proportion( 0.50);

7. Select in method in estimating the reliability of

the sample either test-retest, split-half, parallel-
forms or internal consistency.
8. Test the reliability of the sample in the pilot
institution; and
9. Interpret the reliability of the sample
6.1
𝑵𝑽 +[𝑺𝒆𝟐 𝟏−𝒑 ]
𝑺𝒔 =𝑵𝑺𝒆 +[𝑽𝟐 × 𝒑 𝟏−𝒑 ]

𝑺𝒔 = sample size
N = Total number of population
V = standard value(2.58) of 1 per cent level
of probability with 0.99 reliability
𝑺𝒆 = sampling error (0.01)
p = largest possible proportion (0.50)
For an illustration of the foregoing formula,
the steps are as follows:

Step 1. Determine the total population (N) as

assumed subjects of the study.
Step 2. Get the value of V (2.58), Se (.01), and
p (0.50).
Step 3. Compute the sample size using the
foregoing formula. (6.1)

For instance, the total population is 500,

the standard value at 1 per cent level of
probability is 2.58 with 99% reliability and has
a sampling error of 1% or 0.01 and proportion
of a target population is 50% or 0.50. Then, the
sample size is computed as follows:
Given:
N= 500 Se= 0.01
V= 2.58 p= 0.50
Solution:
𝑵𝑽 +[𝑺𝒆𝟐 𝟏−𝒑 ]
𝑺𝒔 =𝑵𝑺𝒆 +[𝑽𝟐 × 𝒑 𝟏−𝒑 ]

𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟐.𝟓𝟖 + (𝟎.𝟎𝟏)𝟐 ×(𝟏−𝟎.𝟓𝟎)

=
𝟓𝟎𝟎 .𝟎𝟏 +(𝟐.𝟓𝟖)𝟐 ×𝟎.𝟓𝟎(𝟏−𝟎.𝟓𝟎)
=
𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟎+𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏 ×𝟎.𝟓𝟎
𝟓+𝟔.𝟔𝟓𝟔𝟒 ×𝟎.𝟓𝟎(𝟎.𝟓𝟎)
𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟎+𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓
=
𝟔.𝟔𝟔𝟒𝟏 The sample size for the
𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓
= population of 500 is 194. This
𝟔.𝟔𝟔𝟒𝟏 sample (194) will represent the
𝑺𝒔 = 193.57 or 194 subjects of the study.
 Table 6.1 shows the computed sample sizes for different population(N)
at 0.01 level of probability with 0.99 reliability to a proportion of 0.50

 Table 6. 1. Computed Sample Sizes for Different Population (N) at 0.01

Level of Probability to a Proportion of 0.50.

Sample Sample
N Size N Size

100 ______ 97 300 ______ 166

125 ______ 111 325 ______ 171

150 ______ 122 350 ______ 175

175 ______ 132 375 ______ 179

200 ______ 148 425 ______ 185

225 ______ 148 425 ______ 185

250 ______ 155 450 ______ 188

275 ______ 161 475 ______ 191
525 ______ 196 900 ______ 218
550 ______ 198 925 ______ 219
575 ______ 200 950 ______ 220
600 ______ 202 1000 ______ 221
625 ______ 204 1100 ______ 224
650 ______ 205 1500 ______ 232
675 ______ 207 1700 ______ 235
700 ______ 208 2000 ______ 238
725 ______ 210 2500 ______ 242
750 ______ 211 3000 ______ 244
775 ______ 212 3500 ______ 244
775 ______ 212 4000 ______ 248
825 ______ 215 4500 ______ 249
850 ______ 216 5000 ______ 250
875 ______ 217
To prove, in a population of 100, the
sample size is 97. To get the percentage,
the formula is :
𝑺𝒔
% = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑵
where:
%= Percent
𝑺𝒔 = sample size
N= total number of Population
To substitute the formula 6.2, consider the following
computation:
𝟗𝟕
%= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟎
= 0.97× 100
= 97%