ATOMIC STRUCTURE

& MOLES TEST:

WEDNESDAY
SEPTEMBER 18.
TOPIC 1:
MOLES
DEFINITIONS

PLEASE LEARN
 Relative atomic mass:
average mass of an atom of
an element relative to one
twelfth the mass of an atom
of carbon-12.
 Relative isotopic mass:
mass of an atom of an
isotope relative to one
twelfth the mass of an atom
of carbon-12.
 Relative molecular mass:
average mass of a molecule
of a compound relative to one
twelfth the mass of an atom of
carbon-12.
 Relative formula mass:
(the term used where
compounds contain ions)
the average mass of the
formula unit of a compound
relative to one twelfth the
mass of carbon-12.
 MOLE
• Amount of substance which contains the
same number of particles as there are
atoms in exactly 12g of carbon-12.
(The particles may be atoms, molecules,
ions or electrons)

• One mole of any substance contains

6.02 x 1023 particles.
 Stoichiometry

relative quantities of
substances taking part
in a reaction
(balancing equations)
A balanced chemical equation

• shows the reactants and products and

their formulae
• shows the exact ratios of moles of all
reactants and products
Limitations of a chemical
equation?
 Balancing equations:
• Atoms are neither created nor destroyed.
• A reaction is just a rearrangement of
atoms.
• Simply, old bonds are broken and new
bonds are formed.
• Ensure that there are the same no. of
atoms on each side of the equation.
 BALANCING EQUATIONS

1 Make sure all the formulae are correct.

2 Include state symbols if necessary.

3 Check to see if it is balanced.

4 Place large numbers in front of any formula if more

than one of it is required.

5 Finally, check the equation to see that all atoms are

correctly balanced on both sides of the arrow.
the combustion of
octane
Iron (III) oxide + carbon monoxide
→ iron + carbon dioxide
 the oxidation of
hydrogen sulphide
 TABLE OF IONS
POSITIVE IONS (CATIONS) NEGATIVE IONS (ANIONS)
hydrogen H+ chloride Cl¯
sodium Na+ bromide Br¯
potassium K+ iodide I¯
lithium Li+ hydroxide OH¯
1 rubidium Rb+ nitrate NO3¯
caesium Cs+ nitrite NO2¯
copper(I) Cu+ hydrogencarbonate HCO3¯
silver(I) Ag+ hydrogensulphate HSO4¯
ammonium NH4+

calcium Ca2+ sulphate SO42-

barium Ba2+ sulphite SO32-
magnesium Mg2+ sulphide S2-
2 zinc Zn2+ oxide O2-
iron(II) Fe2+ carbonate CO32-
cobalt Co2+ copper(II) Cu2+
manganese(II) Mn2+

3 aluminium Al3+ phosphate PO43-

iron(III) Fe3+
Balance the following equations.

Al2O3 + NaOH + H 2O  NaAl(OH)4

Cu + HNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + H2O + NO

KOH + F2  KF + F 2O + H 2O

KOH + Cl2  KCl + KClO3 + H2O

 FORMULAE
mass (g)
Number of moles = ————————
mass of 1 mole (g)

MASS MASS
or
Ar Mr
(Na = 23; Cl = 35.5; Ca = 40; C = 12; O = 16; H = 1; Cu =64)

1. What is the mass of 0.2 mol of calcium

carbonate?
(Na = 23; Cl = 35.5; Ca = 40; C = 12; O = 16; H = 1; Cu =64)

2. How many moles is 54g of water?

(Na = 23; Cl = 35.5; Ca = 40; C = 12; O = 16; H = 1; Cu =64)

3. What is the mass of 4 moles of sodium

chloride?
(Na = 23; Cl = 35.5; Ca = 40; C = 12; O = 16; H = 1; Cu =64)

4. How many moles is 1kg of calcium?

(Na = 23; Cl = 35.5; Ca = 40; C = 12; O = 16; H = 1; Cu =64)

5. What is the mass of 0.125 moles of

copper (II) oxide?
(Na = 23; Cl = 35.5; Ca = 40; C = 12; O = 16; H = 1; Cu =64)

6. 0.1moles of a substance weighs 4g.

What is the weight of 1 mole?
 (Ca=40; O=16; C=12)

7. What mass of calcium oxide could be

obtained by heating 25g of limestone?

CaCO3  CaO + CO2

8. In the blast furnace, haematite,
Fe203, is converted to iron. What
mass of iron can be obtained
from 16 tonnes of iron oxide?
(Fe = 56; O =16)
8. In the blast furnace, haematite,
Fe203, is converted to iron. What
mass of iron can be obtained
from 16 tonnes of iron oxide?
(Fe = 56; O =16)

Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2

 SOLUTIONS
TITRATIONS

STANDARD SOLUTION: A SOLUTION

WITH EXACT CONCENTRATION
 SOLUTIONS

No. of moles = Conc. of soln x Volume

mol dm-3 dm3
• molar concentration
mol/dm3
• mass concentration
g/dm3
9. What is the amount of NaCl (moles) in
25 cm3 of an aqueous solution of
concentration 2.00 mol dm-3?
 (Na=23; C=12; O=16)

10. Find the mass of sodium carbonate

required to prepare 250 cm3 of a 0.100
mol dm-3 solution.
 (Na=23; C=12; O=16)

• Find the mass of sodium carbonate

required to prepare 250 cm3 of a 0.100
mol dm-3 solution.

Na2CO3 = 106
11. Find the concentration in
g/dm3 for 2 mol of NaOH in 4 dm3
of solution.
 GASES

what do we know about the

properties of gases?
 GASES

Avogadro’s Hypothesis:
Under identical conditions of temperature
and pressure EQUAL volumes of gases
contain EQUAL numbers of
molecules/atoms.
At room temperature and pressure,
298K and 100kPa, I mole of a gas
occupies 24 dm3 (24 000 cm3)

At standard temperature and pressure,

273K and 100kPa, I mole of a gas
occupies 22.4 dm3 (22 400 cm3)
 GASES

no. of moles = volume (cm3)

24 000
 (O = 16)
12. How many moles of oxygen
molecules are there in 480 cm3 of
oxygen at r.t.p.?
 (C = 12; H = 1)

13. What is the mass at r.t.p. of 48

cm3 CH4 (g)?
14. Calculate the volume of oxygen at
r.t.p. formed by the decomposition of an
aqueous solution containing 5g
hydrogen peroxide.
• Calculate the volume of oxygen at r.t.p.
formed by the decomposition of an
aqueous solution containing 5g H2O2.

2H2O2 (aq)  2H2O (l) + O2 (g)

15. 100 cm3 of methane was reacted with
500 cm3 of oxygen. What is the total
volume of all gases at the end, and
indicate how much there is of each gas?