• One of the impressive aspects of the immune

system is its power to recognize foreign cell and

molecules
• Immunologist located a collection of protein
receptors residing on the surface of the immune
system earliest responding cell
• This protein are a type of pattern recognition
receptor termed "TOLL LIKE RECEPTORS"
• This dwell within the cell membrane of the
phagocytes with one end of the receptors exposed
to the extra cellular environment while the other
hand of the protein reside within the cytoplasm of
the cell.
• When a foreign molecules is detected by one TLR it
immediately join with a second TLR and relay signal
to nucleus inside of the cell that a foreign
molecules is detected by one TLR.

• Toll-like Receptors are a family of type I

transmembrane pattern recognition receptors
(PRRs) that sense invading pathogens or
endogenous damage signals and initiate the innate
and adaptive immune response. _x0000_
A complex concert reaction to
injury
• The inflammatory response is a reaction to any
traumatic event in the tissue. It is so commonplace
that most of us manifest inflammation in some way
everyday. It appears in the nasty flare of a cat
scratch. The blistering of a burn. The painful
lesions of an infection and symptoms of allergies. It
is readily identified by a classic series of sign and
symptoms characterized by 4 latin word.
• Rubor - redness
• Calor - warmth
• Tumor - swelling
• Dolor - pain

• Although these manifestation can be unpleasant.

They serve an important warning that injury has
taken place and set in motion response that sav
ethe body from further injury.
 Factors that can elicit inflammation including
trauma from infections.

• To mobilized and attract immune component's to

the site of the injury.

• To set motion mechanism to repair tissue damage

and localized and clear away harmful substance.
And

• To destroy microbes and block their further

invasion.
• Defense in tears and saliva is called lysozyme, an
enzymes that hydrolyzed the peptidoglycan in the
cell wall of the bacteria
• The high lactic acid and electrolytes concentration
of sweat and the skin acidic pH and fatty acid
content are also inhibitory to many microbes.
• Dermicidin is an antimicrobial peptide secreted by
the skin cell which breakdown bacterial
membranes and causes them to lyse
• The hydrochloric acid, content of stomach served
as a protection against many pathogens that are
swallowed
• The intestine digestive juice and bile are also
potential destructive to microbes. Even semen
have an antimicrobial chemical that inhibits
bacteria and tge vagina has protective acidic pH
maintained by normal flora.