Name: Ali Hassan

Class: A.D.P.s
College: Superior College Toba Tek
Singh
Presentation : zoology

Topic: enzymes
 Enzymes
Def: Enzymes are protein molecules in cells which work as
biological catalysts. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions in the
body.
 Role Of scientist
French chemist Anselme Payen was
the first to discover an enzyme in
1833.
 STRUCTURE OF ENZYMES
Enzymes are three-dimensional globular
proteins
Substrate: The substance acted upon by an enzyme.
Active site: The specific region of an enzyme where
a substrate binds and catalysis takes place or where chemical
reaction occurs
 MODELS

LOCK-AND-KEY MODEL INDUCED FIT MODEL

(a) Lock-and-key model

The lock and key model

theory first postulated by
Emil Fischer in 1894
This model suggesting that
the enzyme and
the substrate possess
specific complementary ge
ometric shapes that fit
exactly into one another.
Like a key into a lock
(b):Induced fit model

The induced fit model

suggested by Daniel
Koshland in 1958. It is the
more accepted model for
enzyme-substrate complex
than the lock-and-key
model.
The induced fit model
shows that enzymes are
rather flexible structures in
which the active site
continually reshapes by its
interactions with
the substrate
 Functions of Enzymes
1):Enzymes help the body break down larger
complex molecules into smaller molecules
2): Enzymes catalyze all kinds of chemical reactions
that are involved in growth, blood coagulation,
healing, diseases, breathing, digestion, reproduction,
and many other biological activities
FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYMES
Some factors alter the three-
dimensional shape of enzyme.
Thus they affect the activity of
enzyme
Tow factors are affect enzyme
activity
1) Temperature (2) pH
Temperature :
Shape of protein is
determined by its hydrogen
bonds temperature disrupts
hydrogen bonds
(a) Low temperature:
The bonds of proteins of
enzymes are not flexible
below 35°C. So it does not
permit the change in
shape.
(b)High temperature:
The bonds are too week to
hold the protein in proper
position above 40°C.so
enzymes cannot maintain
its shape. when proper
shape is lost , the enzyme
is destroyed.
2) pH value
The enzymes are affected
by changing the pH value.
This figure shows the effect
of ph on catalytic of
enzyme.
If the ph is too high or too
low , the enzymes can also
undergo denaturation. in
denaturation ,,
(a) The enzymes loss its
capacity to hold the
substrates.
(b) The 3-d structure of the
enzyme is disrupted.
(c) The active site is lost.
COFACTORS AND COENZYMES

COFACTORS: the metal ions which are

loosely attached with the enzymes.
COENZYMES: are non protein,organic
molecules that participate in enzyme-
catalyzed reactions
Any question..?