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Measurement
Programmable Logic
Control
Pressure
Measurement
SCADA
Tank gauging
Measurement
Profi – Bus
DCS
ASI Protocol Flow
Measurement
Pressure
Te m p e r a t u r e
Ta n k G a u g i n g
Measurement
Flow
Metering Systems
Pressure
Pressure - Definition
F
P gh
A
Pressure Measurement
WHY ?? HOW
Pressure
Pressure is measured for Measuring Device
the following:
Pressure
REFRENCEs
Pressure
Indicators
Bourdon Diaphragm
Tube Gage
Pigtail
Siphon
Pressure - Indicators
Bourdon
Tu b e
Consist of a Bent Oval Tube
As the pressure
increase the Tube tend
to become CIRCULAR
from OVAL
This movement is
detected by the
POINTER MECHANISM
Pressure - Indicators
NO PRESSURE
Diaphragm
G a g e
The Diaphragm is EXPOSED to the DIAPHRAGM NO PRESSURE
PROCES RESSURE
Diaphragm
PRESSURE
Pressure - Indicators
P i g - Ta i l
Siphon
This INDICATOR usually used in measuring the STEAM Pressure
Pressure
Switch
WHEN
The Pressure reaches a certain Limit the Switch sends an Electrical Signal
indicating that the Pressure reached a certain Limit.
WHY ??
This Electrical Signal is sent to a RELAY or PLC input to START/STOP an operating
Equipment ( PUMP – ALARM – VALVE – PROCESS )
ELECTRIC
EQUIPMENT
PROCESS
I.O. PUMP
PRESSURE
ANNUNCIATOR
P r e s s u r e - Tr a n s m i t t e r
Pressure
Transmitter
Capacitance Piezoelectric
Differential
P r e s s u r e - Tr a n s m i t t e r
Capacitance
P r e s s u r e Tr a n s m i t t e r
o A
C
d
The process pressure actives 2 Diaphragms &
these 2 diaphragms acts as 2 Plate Capacitors
Piezoelectric
P r e s s u r e Tr a n s m i t t e r
Is a material that :
• Generates Voltage when exposed to Pressure
• Generates Pressure (Vibration) when exposed to
Voltage
Differential
P r e s s u r e Tr a n s m i t t e r
P P1 P2
Pressure
Te m p e r a t u r e
Ta n k G a u g i n g
Measurement
Flow
Metering Systems
Te m p e r a t u r e
Te m p e r a t u r e - D e f i n i t i o n
Units of Measurements
• Fahrenheit scale
• Celsius scale
• Kelvin (used mainly for scientific work)
Conversions
9
F (C * ) 32
5
C K 273.15
Temperature
WHY Measurement HOW
??
Temperature is measured
Te m p e r a t u r e
at the following: Measuring Device
Boilers
Temperature
Transducer Temperature
Tanks Transmitter
Element that
converts the Element that
Pumps Bearings temperature converts the
into value to
Mechanical 4-20mA
… etc or Electric Signal
Value
Te m p e r a t u r e - I n d i c a t o r s
Te m p e r a t u r e
Indicators
Resistance
Thermocouple Temperature
Detector
Te m p e r a t u r e - I n d i c a t o r s
Thermocouple
2 Metals 2 Junctions
Immersed in a Liquid and
1 Reference Junction
Immersed in ICE or left in AIR
N
T anV n
n 0
Advantages Disadvantages
Self Powered Non-Linear output
Shock Resistance Low Voltage
Inexpensive Require a Reference Junction
They Provide fast Response (in Seconds) LOW Sensitivity & Accuracy
Te m p e r a t u r e - I n d i c a t o r s
Resistance
Temperature Detector
To
R(T ) RoT q exp T
Resistance
Temperature Detector
How
it WORKs
4-Wire Connection
Te m p e r a t u r e - I n d i c a t o r s
Resistance
Temperature Detector
Advantages Disadvantages
Most Stable
Expensive
Most Accurate
Require Current source
Sensitive
Have Limited Temperature Range
Linear
Accuracy Varies with Temperature
Require no REFERENCE
When to use ??
According to some Factors such as:
Flow
Metering Systems
Ta n k G a u g i n g
Measurement
Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - D e f i n i t i o n
Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t s
We deal with …
Sopot
Automatic Tank Gauging
MRT
Radar Tank Gauging
MTT
Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - AT G
Ta n k G a u g i n g
DRUM
Electronics HOUSING
ELECTRONIC
Drum COMPARTMENT
Housing
Floating
Displacer
Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - AT G
Theory
of Operation
The displacer is placed into the Container on the Liquid surface
The cable holding the displacer got a specific Tension detected & measured by the
Force Transducers
R A D A R
Ta n k G a u g i n g
Principles
of pulse Radar
ampl.
Time Dt = 2d / C
Example
Dt = 50 ms
d = ½ · 50·10-6 · 3·108 = 7500 m
t
Conclusion t
pulse radar is not suitable for high accuracy on short
distances
antenna
f
object
oscillator detector
t
t
t distance d
Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - R T G
Introduction
Saab TankRadar is a powerful radar level gauge suitable for non-contact level
measurements in process tanks, storage tanks and other types of tanks.
You can integrate TankRadar Pro in your own Local Area Network (LAN).
By using the Saab TRL/2 Bus interface you can easily connect Pro gauges to a
Saab TankRadar L/2 supervisory system.
Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - R T G
Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - R T G
Integrated
Tank Gauging System
Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - Te m p e r a t u r e
Ta n k
Te m p e r a t u r e Temperature Measurement
Elements
Spot MRT MTT
Un
Rt Tn
R0......R11 Rt
+ low cost + aver. prod. temp. + aver. prod. temp.
+ simple & + vapour temp. + vapour temp.
reliable ++ sturdy & reliable
++ temp. profile
Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - Te m p e r a t u r e
MTT
Construction
Ta n k M e a s u r e m e n t - Te m p e r a t u r e
MT T V. S MRT
MRT MTT
± 0.5 °C ± 0.1 °C
i
level
area not measured by MRT
± 0.2 °C ± 0.1 °C
Pressure
Te m p e r a t u r e
Ta n k G a u g i n g
Measurement
Flow
Metering Systems
Flow
Metering Systems
Turbine
Meters
Tu r b i n e M e t e r s - C o n s t r u c t i o n
Meter
C o n st r u c t i o n
Bearing
&
Shaft
Tu r b i n e M e t e r s - C o n s t r u c t i o n
Rotor
Consist of a group of Blades fixed at a
specific angle causing rotation when the
fluid stream
For
Rimmed Rotors
Open Bladed
WHY?
made of
To increase the
PULSE resolution
Stainless Steel
by adding more
Or
detection points
Ferro Magnetic
per rotor
Material
revolution
Tu r b i n e M e t e r s - C o n s t r u c t i o n
Bearing
is a Hard Surface Journal
Why ??
Long Service Life
Good Repeatability
Good Accuracy
Tu r b i n e M e t e r s – P u l s e C o u n t e r
Counting Pulses
Coil
Many thousands turns of fine wire
wrapped around a ferromagnetic material
M ete r
Performance Curve
Tu r b i n e M e t e r s
Factors
Affecting Meter Accuracy
Cavitations
Velocity Profile
&
Swirl
Tu r b i n e M e t e r s
Flow
Conditioning
Tu r b i n e M e t e r s
Ty p i c a l
Metering Line
Pressure
Relief
Control
Valve
Turbine Valve
Inlet Outlet
Meter
Valve P T Valve
Prover
Valve
PD
Meters
PD Meters
Vo l u m e
Measurement Principles
F u n c t i o n
Of Measuring Element
F LO W
Profile
PD Meters
F LO W
Profile
PD Meters
F LO W
Profile
PD Meters
F LO W
Profile
PD Meters
P D M e t e r
Inner Mechanism
Rotor Gear
Shaft
Extended
Blade
Retracting
Blade
Measuring
Chamber
Rotor
Inner mechanism
Housing