Operating System Fundamentals

1. Operating System
2. Main Elements of O.S

3. O.S functions

4. Types of O.S

5. Examples

6. DOS Operating System

7. Basic Commands of DOS

 Operating System
It is a collection of software that
manages computer hardware resources
and provides common services for
computer programs.
 The Three Elements of an OS
 User Interface – The part
of the OS that you
interface with.
 Kernel – The core of the
OS. Interacts with the
BIOS (at one end), and
the UI (at the other end).
 File Management System
– Organizes and manages
files.
 Operating System Functions
 File Management
 Process Management
 Memory Management
 Application Management
 Device Management
 Resource sharing and Networking
 Protection and Security
 Control over system performance
 Operating System Types
 Multiuser – Two or more users work with the computer at
the same time
 Multitasking – Two or more processes running at the same
time.
 Multithreading – Two or more parts of the same process
running at the same time.
 Real Time Operating System
 Multiprocessing - An operating system capable of supporting
and utilizing morethan one computer processor.
 PC Operating Systems
 Microsoft Windows 8.1
 Macintosh OS
 Linux
• Microsoft Windows7
• AppleMacOS
• Ubuntu
• Google Android
• iOS
 MS Windows Versions
 Home (Non-Professional) Versions
• Windows 95
• Windows 98
• Windows Me
 Professional (Business) Versions
• Windows NT
• Windows 2000
 The Two Lines Came Together in
Windows XP (2001)
 Disk Operating System
( DOS )
 The first PC Operating System (1981)
 Not a Multitasking OS, only one program
could run at a time
 A command-line interface, no GUI.
 Early versions of Windows sat on top of DOS
and used it to communicate with the BIOS.
 Windows XP communicates directly with the
BIOS, but allows commands to be entered
via a command prompt.
 Listing of the most commonly used DOS
commands
• Basic DOS commands
– help
– help <command name>
– dir [/w][/s][/?][/od][/o-d][/oe][/o-e]
etc.
– cd
– md
– rd [/s][/q]
– move
– copy
– xcopy [/s][/e]
– del / erase (these are synonyms)
– ren
– type
– tree [/f][/a]
– cls
– ver
– fc
– find
Continue…
Windows Registered File Types

 A particular file extension can be

registered and associated with a particular
program.
• .docx files are associated with MS Word
• .xlsx files are associated with MS Excel
• .txt files are associated with Notepad
• .html files are associated with IE
 This is how Windows knows what to do
when you double-click a file in My
Computer.
 File Attributes
 Each file has four attributes which
can be viewed or set.
• Read Only – File may be viewed, copied,
executed (if appropriate), but not
changed. It can be deleted.
• Hidden – File will not be displayed in
normal list of files.
• System – File is identified to belong to
system, should not be messed with.
• Archive – File is (or is not) a candidate
for backup.
 DOS Commands
 Two types – Internal and External
• Internal commands are resident in the
main kernel file: command.com (or
cmd.exe)
• External commands are separate little
programs.
 It's important to learn DOS
commands because you can write
scripts to execute a set of commands
automatically.
The Command Prompt

By default, it reminds you

of the current drive and the
current directory.
 Linux
 Linux (pronounce LINN-ux) is a family of open source
operating systems, which means that they can be modified and
distributed by anyone around the world. This is very different
from proprietary software like Windows, which can only be
modified by the company that owns it (Microsoft).
 The advantages of Linux are that it is free, and there are many
different distributions (or versions) that you can choose from.
Each distribution has a different look and feel, and the most
popular ones include Ubuntu, Mint, and Fedora.
 Operating System on Mobile Devices
• Mobile devices such as phones, tablet computers,
and mp3 players are very different from desktop and
laptop computers, so they run operating systems that
are designed specifically for mobile devices.
Examples of mobile operating systems include
Apple iOS, Windows Phone, and Google Android.