TKS 122 – Hidrologi

Penelusuran Banjir

Ir. Suroso Dipl.HE, M.Eng

 Tujuan Penelusuran Banjir
 Prakiraan banjir jangka pendek
 Perhitungan hidrograf satuan untuk berbagai
titik di sungai dari hidrograf satuan di suatu titik
di sungai tersebut
 Prakiraan kelakuan sungai setelah melewati
palung
 Derivasi hidrograf sintetik.
 Dari tinjauan DAS

Excess Precip.

Excess Precip.
Runoff Model
Hydrograph

Basin “Routing”
Unit Hydrograph

Stream
“Routing”
Proses Dasar…. Necessary for a
single basin
Stream/Reservoir
Routing

Excess Precip. Excess Precip.

Model

Basin “Routing” Runoff

Excess Precip. UHG Methods Hydrograph

Downstream
Stream and/or Hydrograph
Runoff
Hydrograph Reservoir
“Routing”
Daur Hidrologi(Hydrologic Cycle)....

RO = P - E T
Depression
Surface Storage
runoff
Storm Flow

Is I > f?
yes
Channel
Base Flow

no Storage
Channel
runoff Is Detention
retention yes
full?
Storage
Surface
runoff
Ground Water
no
Storage
Retention
Storage

Vegetation
Storage
 Penelusuran Banjir
(Flood Routing)
 Penelusuran melalui waduk
(Reservoir Routing)
 Penulusuran melalui sungai
(River Routing)
Perbandingan:
River vs.
Reservoir
Routing

Level pool reservoir

River Reach
 Reservoir Routing
 Waduk menampung air dan
mengalirkan melalui bangunan
pelengkap kemudian.
 Inflow hydrograph
 Outflow hydrograph
Max Storage  Hubungan S - Q
 Outflow puncak berkurang
 Outflow – waktu bergeser
 Penelusuran Waduk
(Reservoir Routing)
Inflow Discharge

Inflow Peak
Storage Attenuation

H A
Outflow Outflow

Lag time C
To peak

Inflow dan outflow hydrographs untuk Storage Max. Storage:

waduk (reservoir) kecil A=C
A: I > O, pengisian dS
0
C: I < O, pengosongan dS dt
0
dt
dS
 I (t )  Q(t )
dt
Q(t )  f ( H ) Time
 Penelusuran Hidrologis
(Hydrologic Routing)
Discharge
Discharge I (t )
Inflow Transfer Q(t )
Function
Outflow

I (t )  Inflow Q(t )  f x, I (t ) Q(t )  Outflow

Upstream Channel: Downstream

Hydrograph Characteristics: x Hydrograph
Routing Method: f(..)
Hubungan Input, output,
Fungsi Storage
storage
dS S  f ( I , Q)
 I (t )  Q(t )
dt
 Hubungan antara Debit dan
Tampungan
 Flow routing
 Tentukan hidrograf pada titik tertentu: hydrograph
upstream
 Lumped atau Distributed Discharge

 Lumped dS  I (t )  Q(t ) Inflow

dt I (t )
 Fungsi Storage Outflow
Q (t )
dI dQ
S  f (I , ,  , Q, ,)
dt dt
 Transformasi Hydrographs
Redistribution dan Translation

Discharge Discharge

Peak Peak
Inflow Inflow
Attenuation Attenuation

A A
Outflow Outflow

Lag time C Lag time C

To peak To peak

Reservoir Storage Channel Storage

 Reservoir Routing (Level Pool )
Discharge
Inflow
dS
 I (t )  Q(t )
I j 1 dt
Outflow
S j 1 ( j 1) t ( j 1) t
Ij
 dS   Idt   Qdt
Q j 1 Sj jt jt
Qj
t S j 1  S j I j 1  I j Q j 1  Q j
 
jt ( j  1)t Time t 2 2
Storage 2S j 1 2S j
 Q j 1  I j 1  I j  Qj
t t

Unknown Known
S j 1 Need a function relating

2S
Sj  Q, and Q
t
Time
 Level Pool Routing (lanjutan)
2S j 1 2S j
 Q j 1  I j 1  I j  Qj
t t

Unknown Known

Compute From Then compute

2 S j 1 2S
 Q j 1  Q, and Q Q j 1
t t
Then compute

2 S j 1 2 S j 1
 Q j 1   Q j 1  2Q j
t t
Inflow and Outflow
dS
IQ
dt
 Inflow and Outflow
I1 + I2 – Q1 + Q2 S2 – S1
=
2 2 t
Inflow & Outflow Day 3
= change in storage / time
S3  S2
I 2  I 3 / 2  Q2  Q3 / 2  dt
Re Repeat for each day in progression
 Reservoir Routing
2S1  2S2 
I1  I 2    Q1    Q2 
dt dt

1. Ruas kiri pers diketahui

2. S diketahui sbg fungsi Q

3. Selesaikan ruas kanan

4. Selesaikan Q2 dari S2 Ulangi setiap langkah waktu

 Detention Ponds

 These ponds store and treat urban runoff and also

provide flood control for the overall development.
 Contoh Level Pool
18"
Elevation Area Volume Orifice Detention pond
H A S 2S/Dt+Q Q Diketahui:
(ft) (ft2) (ft3) (cfs) (cfs) Luas = 1 acre
0.00 43,560 0 0.0 0.0 Outlet = pipa beton diameter
1.00 43,560 43,560 158.0 12.8 18 inch C = 0.9
2.00 43,560 87,120 308.4 18.0 Tentukan:
3.00 43,560 130,680 457.7 22.1 Outlet hydrograph
4.00 43,560 174,240 606.3 25.5
18" Orifice
5.00 43,560 217,800 754.5 28.5 45
6.00 43,560 261,360 902.5 31.3 40
7.00 43,560 304,920 1050.2 33.8
8.00 43,560 348,480 1197.7 36.1 35

9.00 43,560 392,040 1345.1 38.3 30

10.00 43,560 435,600 1492.4 40.4
25
Q (cfs)

20

Qorifice  Cd A0 2 gh 15

10

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
2S/dt+q (cfs)
 Contoh Level Pool (lanjutan)
2Sj/dt 2Sj+1/dt
Time Ij Ij+Ij+1 -Qj +Qj+1 Qj  2 S j 1 
  Q j 1  
(min) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs)  t 
0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
I j 1  I j    
2S j
10 20 20 11.8 20.0 4.1  Q j 
20 40 60 54.6 71.8 8.6  t 
30 60 100 129.0 154.6 12.8
40 50 110 207.2 239.0 15.9
 2S j 1 
50 40 90 261.6 297.2 17.8   Q j 1   Q j
60 30 70 294.2 331.6 18.7  t 
70 20 50 306.2 344.2 19.0
80 10 30 299.2 336.2 18.5  2S j 
  Q j  
 t
90 0 10 273.2 309.2 18.0

100 0 0 239.2 273.2 17.0
110 0 0 207.4 239.2 15.9  2 S j 1 
  Q j 1   2Q j
 t
120 0 0 178.0 207.4 14.7

130 0 0 151.0 178.0 13.5
140 0 0 126.4 151.0 12.3 45
18" Orifice

150 0 0 104.0 126.4 11.2 40

160 0 0 83.8 104.0 10.1 35

30

25

Q (cfs)
20

15

10

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
2S/dt+q (cfs)
Contoh Level Pool (lanjutan)
70

60

50
Discharge (cfs)

40

30

20

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time (min)
 Level Pool (contoh)
Detention pond
Diketahui:
Elevation Discharge Storage Luas = 1 acre
H Q S 2S/Dt+Q Outlet = pipa beton diameter 5-ft
(ft) (cfs) (ft3) (cfs)
Tentukan:
0.0 0 0 0
0.5 3 21,780 75.6
Outlet hydrograph
1.0 8 43,560 153.2
1.5 17 65,340 234.8 300
2.0 30 87,120 320.4
2.5 43 108,900 406.0
250
3.0 60 130,680 495.6
3.5 78 152,460 586.2
4.0 97 174,240 677.8 200
4.5 117 196,020 770.4
5.0 137 217,800 863.0
Q

150
5.5 156 239,580 954.6
6.0 173 261,360 1044.2
6.5 190 283,140 1133.8 100
7.0 205 304,920 1221.4
7.5 218 326,700 1307.0
50
8.0 231 348,480 1392.6
8.5 242 370,260 1476.2
9.0 253 392,040 1559.8 0
9.5 264 413,820 1643.4 0 500 1000 1500 2000
10.0 275 435,600 1727.0 2S/DT+Q
 Level Pool (Contoh lanjutan)
2Sj/dt- 2Sj+1/dt-
Time Inflow Ij+Ij+1 Qj Qj+1 Outflow
(min) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs)
0 0 0 0 0 0
10 60 60 55 60 2
20 120 180 201 235 17
30 180 300 379 501 61
40 240 420 552 799 123
50 300 540 728 1092 182
60 360 660 927 1388 230
70 320 680 1089 1607 259
80 280 600 1149 1689 270
90 240 520 1134 1669 267
100 200 440 1064 1574 255
110 160 360 954 1424 235
120 120 280 820 1234 207
130 80 200 683 1020 169
140 40 120 555 803 124
150 0 40 435 595 80
160 0 0 338 435 49
170 0 0 273 338 33
180 0 0 227 273 23
190 0 0 195 227 16
200 0 0 169 195 13
210 0 0 150 169 10
 Level Pool (Contoh lanjutan)
400

350
Inflow
300
Discharge (cfs)

250

200

150

100 Outflow
50

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
12.0
TIme (minutes)

10.0

8.0
Storage (acre-ft)

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Time (minutes)
 Penelusuran Sungai (River Routing)
Metoda Muskingum
 Wedge storage in reach
Advancing I
Flood
Q
S Prism  KQ Wave
I>Q
S Wedge  KX ( I  Q) I Q

K = travel time of peak through the reach Q Q

X = weight on inflow versus outflow
X = 0  Reservoir, storage depends on outflow,
no wedge
X = 0.0 - 0.3  Natural stream Q
I
S  KQ  KX ( I  Q)
Receding
Flood
S  K [ XI  (1  X )Q] Wave QI
Q>I
I I
Metoda Muskingum (lanjutan)
S  K [ XI  (1  X )Q]

S j 1  S j  K{[ XI j 1  (1  X )Q j 1 ]  [ XI j  (1  X )Q j ]}

Recall:
I j 1  I j Q j 1  Q j
S j 1  S j  t  t
2 2

t  2 KX
Combine: C1 
2 K (1  X )  t
Q j 1  C1I j 1  C2 I j  C3Q j
t  2 KX
C2 
2 K (1  X )  t
2 K (1  X )  t
C3 
2 K (1  X )  t
 Wedge dan
Prism Storage

• Positive wedge I>Q

• Maximum S bila I=Q
• Negative wedge I<Q
 River Rating Curves

• Inflow dan outflow adalah komplek

• Wedge dan prism storage terjadi

• Peak flow Qp > pada bagian naik

• Peak storage terjadi setelah Qp

 Contoh Muskingum
 Jika telah diobservasi Time
(day)
I
(cfs)
Q
(cfs)
hidrograf inflow dan outflow, 1
2
59
93
42
70
dapat diestimit K 3 129 76
4 205 142
 Bila S  K [ XI  (1  X )Q] 5 210 183
6 234 185
 Dapat diplot [ XI  (1  X )Q] 7
8
325
554
213
293
 Versus S 10
9 627
526
397
487

 Untuk berbagai harga X dan 11

12
432
400
533
487
pilih satu yang memberikan 13
14
388
270
446
400
loop mendekati garis lurus 15 162 360
16 124 230
 Slope dari garis K 17
18
102
81
140
115
19 60 93
20 51 71
Contoh Muskingum (lanjutan)
I j 1  I j Q j 1  Q j
S j 1  S j  t  t
2 2
x= 0.1 0.2 0.3
x*I + x*I + x*I +
Time I Q S (1-x)*Q (1-x)*Q (1-x)*Q
(day) (cfs) (cfs) (ft3)
1 59 42 0.0 43.7 45.4 47.1
2 93 70 20.0 72.3 74.6 76.9
3 129 76 58.0 81.3 86.6 91.9
4 205 142 116.0 148.3 154.6 160.9
5 210 183 161.0 185.7 188.4 191.1
6 234 185 199.0 189.9 194.8 199.7
7 325 213 279.5 224.2 235.4 246.6
8 554 293 466.0 319.1 345.2 371.3
9 627 397 711.5 420.0 443.0 466.0
10 526 487 846.0 490.9 494.8 498.7
11 432 533 815.0 522.9 512.8 502.7
12 400 487 721.0 478.3 469.6 460.9
13 388 446 648.5 440.2 434.4 428.6
14 270 400 554.5 387.0 374.0 361.0
15 162 360 390.5 340.2 320.4 300.6
16 124 230 238.5 219.4 208.8 198.2
17 102 140 166.5 136.2 132.4 128.6
18 81 115 130.5 111.6 108.2 104.8
19 60 93 97.0 89.7 86.4 83.1
20 51 71 70.5 69.0 67.0 65.0
Contoh Muskingum (lanjutan)
900

800 x=0.1

x=0.2
700
x=0.3
600

500
S

I like the red one:

400
X = 0.2, K = 1.7563
300
y = 1.7429x - 98.617; R2 = 0.9728
200
y = 1.7563x - 102.55; R2 = 0.9779
100 y = 1.7527x - 102.27; R2 = 0.9735

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
xI + (1-x)Q
 Contoh Muskingum (lanjutan)
C1 C2 C3
Q j 1  C1I j 1  C2 I j  C3Q j
0.078077 0.446846 0.475077
Time I Q C1Ij+1 C2Ij C3Qj Outflow
(day) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs)
1 59 42 0 0 0.0 42
2 93 70 7.3 26.4 20.0 53.6
3 129 76 10.1 41.6 25.5 77.1
4 205 142 16.0 57.6 36.6 110.3
5 210 183 16.4 91.6 52.4 160.4
6 234 185 18.3 93.8 76.2 188.3
7 325 213 25.4 104.6 89.5 219.4
8 554 293 43.3 145.2 104.2 292.7
9 627 397 49.0 247.6 139.1 435.6
10 526 487 41.1 280.2 206.9 528.2
11 432 533 33.7 235.0 250.9 519.7 t  2 KX
12 400 487 31.2 193.0 246.9 471.2 C1 
13 388 446 30.3 178.7 223.8 432.9 2 K (1  X )  t
14 270 400 21.1 173.4 205.6 400.1
t  2 KX
15 162 360 12.6 120.6 190.1 323.4
C2 
16
17
124
102
230
140
9.7
8.0
72.4
55.4
153.6
112.0
235.7
175.3
2 K (1  X )  t
18 81 115 6.3 45.6 83.3 135.2 2 K (1  X )  t
19 60 93 4.7 36.2 64.2 105.1 C3 
20 51 71 4.0 26.8 49.9 80.7 2 K (1  X )  t
 Contoh Muskingum (lanjutan)
700
Observed Inflow
600 Observed Outflow
Muskingum Outflow
500
Discharge (cfs)

400

300

200

100

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Time (day)
 Muskingum River X
Pilih X dari plot yang mendekaki lurus

Obtain K from
line slope
 Muskingum - contoh
Period Inflow
(hr) (cfs)
 Diketahui: 1 93
 Inflow hydrograph 2 137
3 208
 K = 2.3 jam, X = 0.15, t = 1 jam, 4 320
Initial Q = 85 cfs 5 442
6 546
 Tentukan: 7 630
 Outflow hydrograph mengguna 8 678
kan metoda Muskingum 9 691
10 675
t  2 KX 1  2 * 2.3 * 0.15 11 634
C1    0.0631 12 571
2 K (1  X )  t 2 * 2.3(1  0.15)  1 13 477
14 390
t  2 KX 1  2 * 2.3 * 0.15 15 329
C2    0.3442 16 247
2 K (1  X )  t 2 * 2.3(1  0.15)  1 17 184
18 134
2 K (1  X )  t 2 * 2.3 * (1  0.15)  1
C3    0.5927
19 108

2 K (1  X )  t 2 * 2.3(1  0.15)  1
20 90
 Muskingum – contoh (lanjutan)
Period Inflow C1Ij+1 C2Ij C3Qj Outflow
(hr) (cfs) (cfs)
1 93 0 0 0 85

Q j 1  C1I j 1  C2 I j  C3Q j
2 137 9 32 50 91
3 208 13 47 54 114
4 320 20 72 68 159
5 442 28 110 95 233
800 6 546 34 152 138 324
7 630 40 188 192 420
700
8 678 43 217 249 509
600 9 691 44 233 301 578
10 675 43 238 343 623
Discharge (cfs)

500 11 634 40 232 369 642

12 571 36 218 380 635
400
13 477 30 197 376 603
300 14 390 25 164 357 546
15 329 21 134 324 479
200
16 247 16 113 284 413
100 17 184 12 85 245 341
18 134 8 63 202 274
0 19 108 7 46 162 215
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
20 90 6 37 128 170
Time (hr)
SELAMAT BELAJAR