Design of a MPPT for solar PV

system under changing isolation

level

THESIS SUBMITTED BY

GUIDED BY
 Objective
Photovoltaic (PV) energy generation is becoming an increasingly
widespread means of producing clean and renewable power.
Changes in isolation on panels due to fast climatic changes such as
cloudy weather or shadow can reduce the photovoltaic (PV) array
output power.
In other words, each PV cell produces energy pertaining to its
operational and environmental conditions, In order to improve the
poor efficiency of PV systems, some methods are proposed,
among which is a new concept called “maximum power point
tracking” (MPPT).
In my thesis, I choose MPPT method and here I will give
presentation on that.
 Motivation
As the time progresses, the demand of power are increasing
gradually and on the contrary the fossil fuels used for power
generation are decreasing rapidly.

Alongside the reason of inadequate resources, the methods that

are used for power generation by fossil fuels are not even eco-
friendly and they are causing global warming and greenhouse
effects. Now would be the proper time to initiate the usage of
renewable energy resources on very large scale.
 My Presentation continue with…
• solar cell model and observe its characteristics
• MPPT algorithms
• Perturb and Observe algorithm
• DMPPT configuration
• Results and Discussions
• Conclusion
• Final simulation and result part will be
presented in my final thesis presentation.
 Solar Panel or Photovoltaic cell
 What do you mean by Photovoltaic cell ?
Photovoltaic is a combination of two word i.e. photo (light) and
voltaic (electricity). Means from light energy or sun light getting
electricity is the basic concept.
 PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

Photovoltaic (PV) cells are made of special materials called

semiconductors such as silicon, which is currently the most commonly
used.
Basically, when light strikes the cell, a certain portion of it is
absorbed within the semiconductor material.
 PV cells also all have one or more electric fields that act to force
electrons freed by light absorption to flow in a certain direction.
This flow of electrons is a current, and by placing metal contacts on
the top and bottom of the PV cell, we can draw that current off to use
externally.
 SOLAR PANEL

Expose the cell to light, and the energy

from each photon (light particle) hitting
the silicon, will liberate an electron and a
corresponding hole.
If this happens within range of the
electric field’s influence, the electrons will
be sent to the N side and the holes to the P
one, resulting in yet further disruption of
electrical neutrality
This flow of electrons is a current; the
electrical field in the cell causes a voltage
and the product of these two is power
Working:

• This is the
diagrammatic
working of a Solar
panel.
• This forms the basic
principle of a Solar
mobile charger.

8
 Changing on different Isolation
Maximum power (Pmax) 60W
Voltage @ Pmax (Vmp) 17.1V
Current @ Pmax (Imp) 3.5A
Short-circuit current (Isc) 3.8A
Open-circuit voltage (Voc) 21.1V
 Working(contd.)
• Photons attacking the solar cells are absorbed by any
semiconducting material such as silicon.
• The energy of the absorbed photon is transferred to the
electron.
• This energy knocks off the electrons from the atoms.
• It flows unidirectional through the material which provides
electrical energy.
• An array of solar cells convert solar energy into usable
Electrical energy.

10
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
• As the amount of sunlight varies, the load characteristic that
gives the highest power transfer efficiency changes, so that the
efficiency of the system is optimized when the load
characteristic changes to keep the power transfer at highest
efficiency.
• This load characteristic is called the maximum power point and
MPPT is the process of finding this point and keeping the load
characteristic there.
• Electrical circuits can be designed to present arbitrary loads to
the photovoltaic cells and then convert the voltage, current, or
frequency to suit other devices or systems, and MPPT solves the
problem of choosing the best load to be presented to the cells in
order to get the most usable power out.
PV cell P-V, I-V characteristics
 Benefits of MPPT
• MPPT devices are typically integrated into an electric power
converter system that provides voltage or current conversion,
filtering, and regulation for driving various loads, including
power grids, batteries, or motors.
• Solar inverters convert the DC power to AC power and may
incorporate MPPT: such inverters sample the output power (I-V
curve) from the solar modules and apply the proper resistance
(load) so as to obtain maximum power.
•
• The power at the MPP (Pmpp) is the product of the MPP
voltage(Vmpp) and MPP current(Impp)
PV system implementing MPPT
Maximum Power Point
Perturb and Observe algorithm
PV systems in series DMPPT configuration
PV systems in parallel DMPPT configuration
 Results and Discussions
• The distributed maximum power point tracking (DMPPT) under partial
shading conditions is simulated in parallel configuration and the
shading condition is generated by providing different insulation levels
to the modules.
• Now each MPPT tracker connected to the modules detect the required
maximum power point and generate corresponding PWM signals
which controls the respective boost converters.
• Hence different points will be detected independently by each
module.
• Input voltage of both modules will be different and the currents
flowing through each module will also be different from each other so
that each will be detecting their corresponding maximum power
point. Both the converters are finally connected together in parallel
DMPPT configuration and it is connected to an inverter which in turn is
either connected to the grid or a load can be connected after
smoothening the waveform.
 Conclusion
• Some new trends in practice for improvising the solar energy
production have been discussed.
• A special importance on perturb and observe method is being
given.
• How the DMPPT configuration effectively improves the
efficiency of solar power is discussed.