AC Power Analysis

Topic Outline:
 Instantaneous Power.
 Average Power.
 Effective Values of Current and Voltage.
 Apparent Power and Power Factor.
 Complex Power and Power factor correction.
 Instantenous AC Power
 Instantenous Power p(t) is the power at any instant of time.

p (t )  v(t )i (t )
Assume a sinusoidal voltage with phase v , v(t )  Vm cos(t  v )
Assume a sinusoidal current with phase i , i (t )  I m cos(t  i )
1 1
p(t )  v(t )i (t )  Vm I m cos(v  i )  Vm I m cos(2t  v  i )
2 2
p(t )  CONSTANT POWER+SINUSOIDAL POWER (frequency 2 )

1 1
p(t )  v(t )i (t )  Vm I m cos(v  i )  Vm I m cos(2t  v  i )
2 2

 The instantaneous power is composed of two parts.

• A constant part.

• The part which is a function of time.

 Instantenous and Average Power
 The instantaneous power p(t) is composed of a constant part (DC) and a time
dependent part having frequency 2ω.
p (t )  v(t )i (t )
v(t )  Vm cos(t   v ) i (t )  I m cos(t  i )
1 1
p (t )  Vm I m cos( v  i )  Vm I m cos(2t  v  i )
2 2

Instantaneous Power p(t)

Average Power
P  12 Vm I m cos(v  i )
 Average Power
The average power P is the average of the instantaneous power over one period .

p(t )  v(t )i (t ) Instantaneous Power

1 T
P   p(t )dt Average Power
T 0
v(t )  Vm cos(t  v ) i (t )  I m cos(t  i )
1 T 1 T1 1 T1
P   p(t )dt   2 Vm I m cos( v   i )dt   2 Vm I m cos(2 t   v   i )dt
T 0 T 0 T 0
1 T 1 T
P  Vm I m cos(v  i )  dt  2 Vm I m  cos(2t  v  i )dt
1
2
1
T 0 T 0
= 12 Vm I m cos(v  i )  0 (Integral of a Sinusoidal=0)

P  12 Vm I m cos(v  i )
1
P  Re  VI   Vm I m cos(v  i )
1
2


2
 Instantaneous and Average Power
 Example 1 Calculate the instantaneous power and
average power absorbed by a passive linear network
if:
v(t )  80 cos (10 t  20)
i (t )  15 sin (10 t  60)
1 1
p(t )  Vm I m cos( v  i )  Vm I m cos(2t   v  i )
2 2
=385.7  600cos(20t  10) W

P= 385.7 W is the average power flow

 Effective or RMS Value
 The EFFECTIVE Value or the Root Mean Square (RMS) value of a periodic
current is the DC value that delivers the same average power to a resistor as the
periodic current.

a) AC circuit b) DC circuit

1 T R T
P   i (t ) Rdt   i (t ) 2 dt  I eff 2 R  I Rms 2 R
2

T 0 T 0
1 T 1 T
I eff  I Rms   Veff  VRms  
2 2
i (t ) dt v (t ) dt
T 0 T 0
 Effective or RMS Value of a Sinusoidal
 The Root Mean Square (RMS) value of a sinusoidal voltage or current is equal
to the maximum value divided by square root of 2.

2
1 T 2 I T 1 I
T 0 
I Rms  I m cos 2
 tdt  m
(1  cos 2t )dt  m
T 0 2 2

P  12 Vm I m cos(v  i )  VRms I Rms cos(v  i )

 The average power for resistive loads using the (RMS) value is:

2
V
PR  I Rms 2 R  Rms
R
 Apparent Power and Power Factor
 The Average Power depends on the Rms value of voltage and current and the
phase angle between them.

P  12 Vm I m cos(v  i )  VRms I Rms cos(v  i )

 The Apparent Power is the product of the Rms value of voltage and current. It is
measured in Volt amperes (VA).

1
S  Vm I m  VRms I Rms
2
 The Power Factor (pf) is the cosine of the phase difference between voltage and
current. It is also the cosine of the angle of load impedance. The power factor may
also be regarded as the ratio of the real power dissipated to the apparent power of
the load.
P
pf   cos(v  i )
S
P  Apparent Power  Power Factor  S  pf
 Apparent Power
and Power Factor

Both have same P

Apparent Powers and pf’s are different
Generator of the second load is
overloaded
 Complex Power
 The COMPLEX Power S contains all the information pertaining to the power absorbed by a
given load.

2
1  V
S  VI  VRms IRms  I 2 Rms Z  Rms
2 Z

VRms  VRms v I Rms  I Rms i

S  VRms I Rms (v  i )
 VRms I Rms cos(v  i )  jVRms I Rms sin(v  i )
 P  jQ  Re{S}  j Im{S}  Real Power+Reactive Power
 Complex Power
 The COMPLEX Power contains all the information pertaining to the power
absorbed by a given load.

1 
Complex Power=S  P  jQ  VI  VRms I Rms ( v  i )
2
Apparent Power=S  S  VRms I Rms  P 2  Q 2
Real Power=P  Re{S}  S cos( v  i )
Reactive Power=Q  Im{S}  S sin( v  i )
P
Power Factor= =cos( v  i )
S
• Real Power is the actual power dissipated by the load.
• Reactive Power is a measure of the energy exchange between source and
reactive part of the load.
 Power Factor Correction
 The design of any power transmission system is very sensitive to the magnitude of
the current in the lines as determined by the applied loads.
 Increased currents result in increased power losses (by a squared factor since P =
I2R) in the transmission lines due to the resistance of the lines.
 Heavier currents also require larger conductors, increasing the amount of copper
needed for the system, and they require increased generating capacities by the
utility company.

 Since the line voltage of a transmission system is fixed, the apparent power is
directly related to the current level.

 In turn, the smaller the net apparent power, the smaller the current drawn from
the supply. Minimum current is therefore drawn from a supply when S = P and QT =
0.

 The process of introducing reactive elements to bring the power factor closer to
unity is called power-factor correction. Since most loads are inductive, the process
normally involves introducing elements with capacitive terminal characteristics
having the sole purpose of improving the power factor.
 Power Factor Correction

Increasing the power

factor without altering
the voltage or current
to the load is called
Power Factor Correction

Original Inductive Load Inductive Load with improved power factor correction

Effect of capacitor on total current Power triangle of power factor correction