MACHINE

ELEMENTS 2
 1. DEPARTMENT: MECHANICAL AND
ALLIED DEPARTMENT (BS MECHANICAL)
 2. COURSE CODE: ME 3
 3. COURSE TITLE: MACHINE ELEMENTS
 4. COURSE DESCRIPTION:
 This course is about the study of the
elements of mechanism such as gears, train,
rolling bodies, belt and pulleys, cams and
follower.

5. COURSE OBJECTIVES:
 After completing this course, the student
must be able to:
 Understand the design concepts of different
machine elements
 Apply fundamental principles of Physics and
Mathematics in the field of mechanical
movement.
6. UNIT CREDIT/TIME ALLOTMENT:
LECTURE : 3 UNIT/S (3.75 hours per
week; 14 weeks per term)
7. SEMESTER/TERM OFFERED : First Term

8. PRE-REQUISITE SUBJECT/S : Thermo 1

9. CO-REQUISITE SUBJECT/S : None
10. CLIENTELE : BS
Mechanical Students
TEXTBOOK/S :

Doughtie and James; Elements of Mechanism

4th Edition; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; New York
1921
Faires, V.M.; Design of Machine Elements 4th
Edition; EDCA Publishing and Distributing
Corp/McMillan Publishing Company, Inc.; New
York; 1969
Adams, E & Black P; Machine Design 3rd
Edition; McGraw- Hill;USA; 1968

Kent, William; Mechanical Engineer’s

Handbook; Production Volume 11th Edition;
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; New York 1938
. REQUIREMENTS :
The requirements of this course and the
corresponding inputs into the final grade are as
follows:
a. Quizzes, seatwork, assignments,
recitation, attendance 30%
b. Unit tests and actual exercises 40%
c. Term test 30%
TOTAL 100%

LABORATORY:
Term test 30%
Laboratory 70%
TOTAL 100%
 Topics:
 Cam and Follower
 Rolling Bodies in Pure Contact

Gears
 Spur

 Helical Gears

 Bevel

 Worm

 Gear Train
 Topics:

 Belts and Pulleys

 Chains

 Flexible Connections

 Stepped Pulley
 Objectives:
 Define a cam and follower.
 Give some uses of cam and follower in design of
machine elements.
 Discuss the types of cam and follower.
 Explain how to draw and interpret the displacement
diagram of cam.
 Solve sample problems and interpret the result.
 Analyse a simple machine design and design a cam and
follower system.
 What is the
difference of
reciprocating and
oscillating?
What is reciprocating motion?
Reciprocating
motion, also
called reciprocati
on, is a repetitive
up-and-down or
back-and-forth
linear motion.
Oscillation
Oscillation is the
repetitive variation,
typically in time, of
some measure about a
central value (often a
point of equilibrium) or
between two or more
different states. Familiar
examples include a
swinging pendulum and
alternating
current power.
 Translational motion is  In theory, pure translational
movement of an object
without a change in its
orientation relative to a
fixed point, as opposed
to rotational motion, in
which the object is
turning about an axis.
In other words, an
arrow pointed on an
object undergoing pure
translational motion
would continue pointing
in the same direction;
motion need not involve
travelling in a straight line. It is
possible for an object to move
in a curved path without
changing its orientation;
however, in most real-life
situations, a change in
direction would involve turning
on an axis, in other words,
rotation. In aeronautics,
translational motion means
movement along a straight
line, forwards or backward, left
or right and up or down. When
an airplane is circling an
airport, it is continually
changing its orientation and
undergoing some degree of
rotation.
An object that is moving parallel The motion of the car speeding in a
to a curved surface, like roller straight line is translational in relation
coaster on a loop is moving to the road.
translationally.
1.1 CAM - Definition
 Cams are used to convert
rotary motion into reciprocating
motion

 Define as a machine element

having a curved outline or a
curved groove, which, by its
oscillation or rotation motion,
gives a predetermined
specified motion to another
element called the follower
Examples for cam application

 In IC engines to operate the inlet and exhaust valves

1.2 Classification of CAM Mechanism

Based on modes of Input / Output motion

1.2.1 Rotating cam – Translating follower
1.2.2 Rotating cam – Oscillating follower
1.2.3 Translating cam – Translating follower
1.2.1 Rotating cam –Translating follower
1.2.2 Rotating cam – oscillating follower
1.2.3 Translating cam – Translating follower
1.3 Classification of followers

1.3.1 According to the shape of follower

1.3.2 According to the path of motion of
follower
1.3 Classification of followers
1.3.1 According to the shape of follower
 Knife edge follower

 Roller follower

 Flat faced follower

 Spherical faced follower

a) Knife edge follower
b) Roller follower
c) Flat faced follower
d) Spherical faced follower
1.3 Classification of followers
1.3.2 According to the path of motion of follower

a) Radial follower
b) Offset follower
a) Radial follower

 When the motion of the follower is along an axis

passing through the centre of the cam, it is known
as radial followers. Above figures are examples of
this type.
b) Offset follower

 When the motion of the follower is along an axis away

from the axis of the cam centre, it is called off-set follower.
Above figures are examples of this type.
1.4 Classification of cams
a) Radial or disc cam
b) Cylindrical cam
c) End cam
d) Plate cam
a) Radial or Disc cam

In radial cams, the follower reciprocates or

oscillates in a direction perpendicular to the cam
axis.
b) Cylindrical cams

In cylindrical cams, the follower reciprocates

or oscillates in a direction parallel to the cams
axis.
b) Classification of Cylindrical
cams
a.) Multiple turn cylindrical cam
b.) Cylindrical cam acting on a lever
c) End cams
It is also similar
to cylindrical cams,
but the follower
makes contact at
periphery of the cam
as shown in fig
d) Plate cams
imparts motion to a
follower guided so that it is
constrained to move in a
plane that is perpendicular to
the axis about which the cam
rotates, that is, in a plane
coincident with the parallel to
the plane in which the cam
itself lies.
d) Classification of Plate cams

a.) Positive Motion Plate cam

b.) Plate cam with Flat Follower
2. CAM Nomenclature
 Cam profile: The outer
surface of the disc cam.
 Base circle : The circle
with the shortest radius
from the cam center to any
part of the cam profile.
 Trace point: It is a point on
the follower, and its motion
describes the movement of
the follower. It is used to
generate the pitch curve.
2. CAM Nomenclature
 Pitch curve : The path
generated by the trace
point as the follower is
rotated about a
stationery cam.
 Prime circle: The
smallest circle from the
cam center through the
pitch curve
2. CAM Nomenclature
 Pressure angle: The
angle between the
direction of the follower
movement and the
normal to the pitch
curve.
 Pitch point: Pitch point
corresponds to the
point of maximum
pressure angle.
2. CAM Nomenclature
 Pitch circle: A circle
drawn from the cam
center and passes
through the pitch point
is called Pitch circle
 Stroke: The greatest
distance or angle
through which the
follower moves or
rotates
 3. Motion of the follower
As the cam rotates the follower moves
upward and downward.
 The upward movement of follower is called
rise (Outstroke)
 The downward movement is called fall
(Returnstroke).
 When the follower is not moving upward and
downward even when the cam rotates, it is
called dwell.
3.1 Types of follower motion
1. Uniform motion ( constant velocity)
2. Simple harmonic motion
3. Uniform acceleration and retardation motion
4. Cycloidal motion
a) Uniform motion (constant velocity)
 Displacement diagram: Displacement is the distance that a
follower moves during one complete revolution (or cycle) of the
cam while the follower is in contact with the cam.
 It is the plot of linear displacement (s) of follower V/S angular
displacement (θ) of the cam for one full rotation of the cam.
 A period is a part of the cam cycle and it includes the following:

Rise (Outstroke) – the upward motion of the follower caused by

cam motion.
Fall (Return stroke) – the downward motion of the follower caused
by cam motion.
Dwell – the stationary position of the follower caused by cam
motion.
a) Uniform motion (constant
velocity)
a) Uniform motion (constant velocity)

Displacement diagram
Since the follower moves with uniform velocity during its
rise and fall, the slope of the displacement curve must be
constant as shown in figure.
b) Simple Harmonic motion

RISE FALL

60 120 180 240 300

360 = ONE REVOLUTION OF CAM = 1 CYCLE

b) Simple harmonic motion
 Since the follower
moves with a
simple harmonic
motion, therefore
velocity diagram
consists of a sine
curve and the
acceleration
diagram consists
of a cosine curve.
c) Uniform acceleration and retardation

 Since the
acceleration
and
retardation
are uniform,
therefore the
velocity
varies
directly with
time.
d) Cycloidal motion