BASIC

THERMODYNAMICS &
FLUID MECHANICS

Please refer to:

Chapter 2
Fluid Mechanics & Thermodynamics of
Turbomachinery, 5th Edition
S.L. Dixon
 INTRODUCTION
LAWS TO BE DISCUSSED:

 THE CONTINUITY OF FLOW EQUATION

 THE 1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS &

STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION

 THE MOMENTUM EQUATION
 THE 2ND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
 THE CONTINUITY OF FLOW EQUATION

Mass flow rate = C A = constant where C is

velocity normal to area of flow A & is fluid
density
THE 1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS &
STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION

• For complete cycle  (dQ  dW )  0

• For a change of state dE  dQ  dW
THE STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION:

h=u+pv (J/kg)
p=pressure (N/m2)
u=internal energy
v=specific volume
(m3/kg)
 work J
Note that W    Watt  Power
unit time s
 THE MOMENTUM EQUATION
(Newton’s 2nd law of motion)
• Euler equation of motion
dp
 CdC  gdz  0

• Bernoulli’s equation
P C2
  gz  constant
 2
1
P  C  gz  constant
2

2
• Moment of momentum .

– Angular Momentum = mC x r
– Rate of change of angular momentum is
(for . compressor)
m C2 x r2  m C1 x r1  m (C2 x r2  C1 x r1 )  Torque  T
– Power =work/s =
 T  m  (C2 x r2  C1 x r1 )  m (C2 xU 2  C1 xU 1 )
– So,
Power / m  WC / m  C2 xU 2  C1 xU 1 (J/kg) (12.12a )
– Similarly for turbine,
 T / m  C1 xU 1  C2 xU 2
W (J/kg) (12.12b)
Combining Eq. (2.8) & Eq.(2.12a), - for compressor
  h02  h01  C2 xU 2  C1 xU 1
WC / m (12.12c)
C12 C22
but h01  h1  & h02  h2 
2 2
so Eq(12.12c) becomes;
 C 2   C1 
2 2

 2
h  
  1 h    C2 xU 2  C1 xU 1
 2   2 
OR
 C12   C22 
 h1    C1 xU 1   h2    C2 xU 2  I  constant
 2   2 
I is known as rothalpy and constant along the flow line
for compressor & turbine.So, in general,
C2
I h  C xU (12.12e)
2
 THE 2ND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS-
ENTROPY
dQ
Inequallity of Clasius said that  0
T
dQR
For reversible process   0 where dQR  dQ
T
2
dQ dQR
For a finite change of state S 2  S1   R or  dS  mds
1 T T
where S is called entropy. If S is constant, then the condition
is called isentropy and the process is called isentropic process
so mTds  dQ but dW  pdV so from Eq.(2.4a) dE  dQ - dW
becomes dE  mTds - dW or dE  mTds - pdV or du  Tds - pdv
so Tds  du  pdv.
but h  u  Tdspv and dh  du  pdv  vdp so equation above becomes,
Tds  dh - pdv - vdp  pdv  dh - vdp
 02 P02 03 P03
P3
C32/2
03ss
3
P2
P0 C 2/2
2
h P01 P1

01
A0
A C02/2 C12/2
1 Isentropic line
WC /m

MOLLIER CHART FOR A CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR

s
 Where the work done (W/m) J/kg is only between point
1 and 2 (Wc/m = h02 – h01)
Index 0 = stand for stagnation point
Index ss= stand for the end state on the total pressure
line P03 when the process is isentropic.

Total isentropic enthalpy rise between inlet & outlet

C 
Actual enthalpy rise between same total pressure limit

h03 ss  h01
C 
h03  h01