Digital Measuring

Techniques of Force

S.SUBASH 1
Outline
• Introduction

• Force

• Mechanical force Gauge

• Types

• Digital force Gauge

• Types

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 INTRODUCTION
• Force is the push or pull on an object with mass
that causes it to change velocity (a). It is an
F= Ma
action that can change the size and motion of
object.

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Force gauge
• A force gauge is a small measuring instrument used to
measure the force during a push or pull test

Mechanical force gauges Digital force gauges

1. Force measurement by 1. Piezoelectric sensor

mechanical balancing.

2. Transform force to 2. Strain Gauge sensor

displacement

3. Elastic Elements for

Force Measurements
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Mechanical force gauges
1.Force measurement by mechanical
balancing:

Platform balance

Simple elements such as the lever may be

used for this purpose. A platform balance
is an example – of course mass is the
measured quantity since acceleration is
equal to the local acceleration due to
gravity 5
Platform balance

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Mechanical force gauges
2. Force to displacement conversion

Spring balance

A spring balance (or a spring scale) is an

example where a force may be converted
to a displacement based on the spring
constant. For a spring element (it need not
actually be a spring in the form of a coil of
wire) the relationship between force F
and displacement x is linear and given by 7
F = Kx
 Mechanical force gauges
3. Elastic Elements for Force Measurements
a. Simple elastic element. b. Cantilever elastic element.

d. Proving ring.
A = cross-sectional
area
c . Thin-ring elastic element.
L = length
E = Young’s modulus
for the bar material

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Mechanical force gauges
example

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 Digital force gauges
1. Piezoelectric Sensor
• Piezoelectric effect was first proven in 1880 by the
French Physicist brothers Pierre and Jacques Curie
• The word “piezoelectricity” is derived from a Greek
word “pizo” or “piezein” which means to squeeze or
press
• A piezoelectric sensor: is a device that uses the
piezoelectric effect to measure acceleration,
strain, or force by converting them to an electrical
charge.
• Piezoelectric crystals such as barium titanate and
ceramic material such as lead zirconate titanate are
considered smart materials for the purpose of
generating a piezoelectric effect and are built 10
in piezoelectric sensor technology
Principle of Piezoelectric Sensor

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Principle of Piezoelectric Sensor
1.The charges in a
piezoelectric crystal are
exactly balanced

2.The effects of the

charges exactly cancel
out, leaving no net charge
on the crystal faces

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Principle of Piezoelectric Sensor

3.If crystal is
squeezed, the charges
are forced to be out of
balance

4.By squeezing the

crystal, a voltage is
produced across its
opposite faces—and
that's piezoelectric
effect
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Example
To find forces while machining

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Digital force gauges
2.Strain Gauge Sensor

• Invented by Edward E. in 1938

• A strain gauge is a device used to measure

strain on an object

• Strain can be related to stress, force

• As the foil is subjected to force, the

resistance of the foil changes in a defined
way. 15
Principle of Working of Strain Gauges
As the length of the conductor increases its resistance
decreases. This change in resistance of the conductor
can be measured easily and calibrated against the
applied force. Thus strain gauges can be used to
measure force and related parameters like
displacement and stress

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Mechanism (1/3)
• Initial State:

• No compression

• No extension

• Resistance zero

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Mechanism (2/3)

• If a strip of conductive
metal is stretched, it will
result in an increase of
electrical resistance

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Mechanism (3/3)

• If a strip of conductive
metal is broaden and
shorten, it will result in a
decrease of electrical
resistance

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 Strain-Gauge Load Cell
• A strain gauge is a single resistive element.

• A load cell is an arrangement of four strain gauges

in a Wheatstone bridge arrangement.

• To use a load cell you apply a voltage to opposite

nodes of the bridge and measure the voltage from
the other opposite nodes.

• For example, one gauge can be mounted on the top

side of a cantilever while another gauge is on the
bottom side of the cantilever. 20

• Mostly use to measuring Compressive force

Strain-Gauge Load Cell

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 Characteristics of Strain Gauges
• It should have a high value of gauge factor. With the
high value of the gauge factor, we can get a high
sensitivity of the system.

• It should have a high value of resistance as it minimizes

the effect of unwanted variations of resistance in the
measurement circuit.

• It should have low resistance temperature coefficient.

• It should not have any hysteresis effects.

• It should have linear characteristics. variations in 22

resistance should always be proportional to the
variations in the strain.
TYPES OF STRAIN GAUGE LOAD
CELL

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References

• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_gauge
• http://www.slideshare.net/researcher1234/ferroe
lectric-and-piezoelectric-materials
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectric_sensor
• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_gauge
• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_scale

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Thank You
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