Gases

Gases
• Properties of Gases
• The Gas Laws
Where can we
find gases?
Where can we find gases?
a) In the air, which supplies us with the gases we breathe
b) In the kitchen, wherein a gas (liquid petroleum gas) is
used for heating or cooking
c) In the hospital, wherein gases are used to aid the
breathing of patients
d) In the automobile, wherein gases are burned in order to
make the cars move
e) In carbonated drinks, wherein a gas (carbon dioxide)
makes the drinks refreshing
At the end of the session, the
learners are expected to:
• describe the properties of gases;
• describe the behavior of gases through the
kinetic molecular theory of matter; and
• define pressure and give the common units of
pressure.
Properties of Gases
Properties of Gases
• Variable shape and volume
• Compresses and expands uniformly
• Low density
• Mixed uniformly with other gases in the
same container
How do gases
behave?
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Postulate One:

Particles of gases are in constant

motion and collide with both one
another and the container.
Postulate Two:

The gas is mostly empty space.

Postulate Three:

Pressure is exerted when the

particles hit the sides of the
container.
Postulate Four:

We assume that the particles do not

interact with each other.
Postulate Five:

Average kinetic energy is

proportional to the temperature.
According to the kinetic-molecular theory of gases:
• A gas consists of many particles either atoms or molecules,
moving about at random with no attraction between them.
• The amount of space occupied by the gas particles themselves
is much smaller than the amount of space between particles.
• The average kinetic energy of gas particles is proportional to
the Kelvin temperature.
• Collisions of gas particles, either with other particles or with
the wall of their container, are elastic.
What is
pressure?
Pressure
• the amount of force
exerted per unit area.
Point out that the relationship between
these three parameter are expressed by
the Gas Laws:

1. Boyle’s Law
2. Charles’s Law
3. Avogadro’s Law
4. Gay Lussac’s Law
Point out that the relationship between
these three parameter are expressed by
the Gas Laws:

1. Boyle’s Law
2. Charles’s Law
3. Gay Lussac’s Law
4. Avogadro’s Law
 Boyle’s Law
‘The volume of a given amount of gas
is inversely proportional to its pressure
at constant temperature.’
 Boyle’s Law
‘The volume of a given amount of gas is inversely
proportional to its pressure at constant temperature.’
In terms of a proportion: V α 1/ P (at constant amount
and temperature) In terms of an equation: V = k / P
(at constant amount and temperature)
PV = k or
P1 V1 = P2 V2
Isoterm

A graph showing the

relationship between volume
and pressure, as stated by
Boyle’s Law
Try lang:
1. A gas sample occupies a volume of 2.5 L at a pressure
of 1.5 atm. What would be the volume of the gas if its
pressure is reduced to 1 atm at the same
temperature?
2. The gas inside a balloon has a volume of 15.0 L at a
pressure of 2.0 atm. Calculate the pressure of the gas
if its volume is compressed to 10.0 L at the same
temperature.
 Boyle’s Law
‘The volume of a given amount of gas is inversely
proportional to its pressure at constant temperature.’
In terms of a proportion: V α 1/ P (at constant amount
and temperature) In terms of an equation: V = k / P
(at constant amount and temperature)
PV = k or
P1 V1 = P2 V2
Try lang:
1. A gas sample occupies a volume of 2.5 L at a pressure
of 1.5 atm. What would be the volume of the gas if its
pressure is reduced to 1 atm at the same
temperature?
2. The gas inside a balloon has a volume of 15.0 L at a
pressure of 2.0 atm. Calculate the pressure of the gas
if its volume is compressed to 10.0 L at the same
temperature.
Point out that the relationship between
these three parameter are expressed by
the Gas Laws:

1. Boyle’s Law
2. Charles’s Law
3. Gay Lussac’s Law
4. Avogadro’s Law
 Charles’s Law
‘The volume of a given amount of gas
is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature at constant pressure.’
 Charles’s Law
‘The volume of a given amount of gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature at
constant pressure.’
In terms of a proportion: V α T (at constant
amount and pressure) In terms of an equation: V
= k T (at constant amount and pressure)
V / T = k or
V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
Isobar

A graph showing the

relationship between
volume and temperature,
as stated by Charles’ Law
Try lang ulet:
1. At 30 degrees C, the volume of a sample of air was
5.8 L. What would be the volume of the air sample
if it is heated to 60 degrees C at the same
pressure?
2. A given amount of oxygen gas has a volume of
25.0 L at a temperature of 37 degrees C and a
pressure of 1.0 atm. At what temperature would
this gas occupy a volume of 22.0 L at a pressure of
1.0 atm?
 Charles’s Law
‘The volume of a given amount of gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature at
constant pressure.’
In terms of a proportion: V α T (at constant
amount and pressure) In terms of an equation: V
= k T (at constant amount and pressure)
V / T = k or
V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
Try lang ulet:
1. At 30oC, the volume of a sample of air was 5.8 L.
What would be the volume of the air sample if it is
heated to 60oC at the same pressure?
2. A given amount of oxygen gas has a volume of
25.0 L at a temperature of 37oC and a pressure of
1.0 atm. At what temperature would this gas
occupy a volume of 22.0 L at a pressure of 1.0 atm?
Point out that the relationship between
these three parameter are expressed by
the Gas Laws:

1. Boyle’s Law
2. Charles’s Law
3. Gay Lussac’s Law
4. Avogadro’s Law
 Gay-Lussac’s Law
‘The pressure of gas is directly
proportional to its Kelvin
temperature for a fixed
amount of gas at a constant
volume’
 Gay-Lussac’s Law
‘The pressure of gas is directly
proportional to its Kelvin
temperature for a fixed amount of
gas at a constant volume’

P/T = k or
P1/T1 = P2/T2
Sample problem
What does the inside pressure become if
an aerosol can with an initial pressure of
4.5 atm is heated in a fire from room
temperature 20 degrees Celsius to 60
degrees Celsius?
Combined Gas Law
Try:
6.3 L sample of helium gas stored at 25
degree Celcius and 1.0 atm pressure is
transferred to a 2.0 L tank and
maintained at a pressure of 2.8 atm.
What temperature is needed to maintain
to this pressure?
Point out that the relationship between
these three parameter are expressed by
the Gas Laws:

1. Boyle’s Law
2. Charles’s Law
3. Gay Lussac’s Law
4. Avogadro’s Law
 Avogadro’s Law
‘The volume of a gas at a given
temperature pressure is directly
proportional to the number of moles
contained in the volume.
Note:
• the SI unit mole is related to the number
of molecules in a substance.
• The experiments have shown that the
volume of 1.0 mole of a gas at 0 degree
C and 1 atm is 22.4 L.
 Avogadro’s Law
‘The volume of a gas at a given temperature
pressure is directly proportional to the number of
moles contained in the volume.
In terms of a proportion: V α n (at constant
temperature and pressure) In terms of an
equation: V = k n (at constant temperature
and pressure)
V / n = k or
V1 / n1 = V2 / n2
Eto pa:
1. 1.0 mole of a gas occupies a volume of 22.4
L gas at 0 degrees C and 1 atm. What would
be the volume of 7.5 mol of the gas at the
same temperature and pressure?
2. The volume of a gas sample at 0 oC and 1.0
atm is 10.0 L. How many moles of gas are
contained in the sample?
Point out that the relationship between
these three parameter are expressed by
the Gas Laws:

1. Boyle’s Law
2. Charles’s Law
3. Avogadro’s Law
4. Gay Lussac’s Law
Other parameters used to describe
gases:
Volume
- The common unit for volume is the liter (L), but the SI unit for
volume is m3.
1 L = 1000 m3 = 1000mL
Temperature
- The common unit for temperature is degree Celsius (C), but the SI
unit is Kelvin (K).

K = C + 273
Ideal Gas Equation
Sample:
At a certain temperature, 3.24
moles of CO2 gas at 2.15 atm
take up a volume of 35.28 L.
What is the temperature (in
Celcius)?
 PV = nRT
Where:

P – Pressure
V – Volume
n – number of moles
R – universal gas constant
T – Temperature
The value of R can be calculated from the
molar volume at 0oC and 1 atm (V= 22.4L).

R, which is known as the gas constant, and that it is one

of the few universal constants, i.e. its value is the same
anywhere and anytime.
1. A gas sample occupies a volume of 12.0 L at 50 degree C and
1.5 atm. How many moles of gas are contained in the
sample?
2. At 30 degree Celsius, the initial volume of the wheel is 20.5
L, after some time, the volume became 30 L. Find the
temperature at that time. (constant P)
3. What would be the pressure of am oxygen gas at 20 degree
Celsius if the previous pressure was 3.2 atm at 32 degree C?
(constant V)
4. 2.3 moles of Helium gas are at a pressure of 1.70 atm, and
the temperature is 41 degree C. What is the volume of the
gas?
Learning Objectives
At the end of the session, you are expected
to:
a) describe partial pressure of gases in a
mixture
b)use Dalton’s law of partial pressure to relate
mole fraction and partial pressure of gases
in a mixture
c) describe graham’s law of effusion
d)solve some practice problems
Dalton’s Law of
Partial Pressures
Recall

What is
pressure?
How do gases behave?
According to the kinetic-molecular theory of gases:
• A gas consists of many particles either atoms or molecules, moving
about at random with no attraction between them.
• The amount of space occupied by the gas particles themselves is much
smaller than the amount of space between particles.
• The average kinetic energy of gas particles is proportional to the Kelvin
temperature.
• Collisions of gas particles, either with other particles or with the wall of
their container, are elastic.
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
‘For a mixture of gases in a
container, the total pressure
exerted is the sum of the
pressures that each gas would
exert if it were alone.’
Unit Standard Pressure
atmosphere 1 atm
millimiters of mercury 760 mm Hg
torr 760 torr
Pounds per square inch 14.7 psi
kilopascal 100kPa
Humid air on a warm summer day is
approximately 20% oxygen, 75%
nitrogen, 4% water vapor, and 1% Argon.
What is the partial pressure of each
component if the atmospheric pressure
is 750 mm Hg?
But to get the individual pressure of a gas in
a mixture of gases, let’s take a look at this;

A storage tank contains 2 moles

of Ar, 3 moles of O2, and 5 moles
of N2 at a total pressure of 1000
torr. Calculate the partial
pressure of each gas.
56g of N2 and 96g of O2 are mixed
in a 2.0L container at 300K.
Calculate the partial pressure of
each gas and the total pressure.
A storage tank contains Nitrogen,
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide. The
partial pressure of Nitrogen and
Oxygen gas are 600 torr and 150 torr.
The total pressure is 825 torr. What is
the partial pressure and mole fraction
of Carbon Dioxide.
Sources:
• Stoker Chemistry Book
• Professor Dave Explains
• Crash Course Chemistry
• Senior High School Course Pack