SEMINAR

ON
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
PRESENTED BY: GUIDED BY:
TRUPTIRANI PARIDA MISS SMARANIKA SUNDAR RAY
ROLL.NO- 31
BRANCH- I.T
 INTRODUCTION:

• A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which

the heat source is a nuclear reactor.
• Nuclear plants are usually considered to be base
load stations.
• Electricity was generated by a nuclear reactor for the first
time was on September 3, 1948 at oak ridge.
• The worlds first full scale power station was opened on
October 17, 1956 at calder hall in England.
NUCLEAR FUEL:
Nuclear fuel is the fuel that is used in a nuclear reactor to sustain a nuclear chain
reaction. The most common nuclear fuels are uranium-235 and plutonium-239.
NUCLEAR FISSION:
Nuclear fission is the process of splitting apart nuclei. During nuclear fission, energy is
released.
NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTION:
Nuclear chain reaction is a continuous series of nuclear fission reactions & a self
sustaining process in which one reaction initiates the next. In an uncontrolled chain
reaction, huge amounts of energy are released very quickly.
NUCLEAR POWER:
Nuclear power is the electricity generated through the use of nuclear fission.
NUCLEAR REACTOR:
The reactor is a key component of a power plant, as it contains the fuel and its nuclear
chain reaction, along with all of the nuclear waste products. The reactor is the heat
source for the power plant.
 COMPONENTS OF NUCLEAR REACTOR:

CONTROL RODS:
A control rod is a device that is used to absorb
neutrons so that the nuclear chain reaction
taking place within the reactor core can be
slowed down or stopped completely.

STEAM GENERATORS:
Steam generators are heat exchangers used to convert
water into steam from heat produced in a nuclear
reactor core. They are used in pressurized water
reactors (PWR) between the primary and
secondary coolant loops.
STEAM TURBINES:
A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy
from pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work
on a rotating output shaft.

CONDENSER:
A large heat exchanger designed to cool exhaust steam
from a turbine below the boiling point so that it can be
returned to the heat source as water.

COOLING TOWER:
the most iconic symbol of a nuclear power plant is the
cooling towers, they work to reject waste heat to the
atmosphere by the transfer of heat from hot water to the
cooler outside air.
TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR:

• Boiling water reactor (BWR)

• Pressurised water reactor (PWR)
• Pressurised heavy water reactor (PHWR)
• High-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR)
• Liquid-metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR)
• Show turbine/generator plant common to all types
 HOW A NUCLEAR REACTOR WORKS:

• The water in the core is heated by nuclear fission and then

pumped into tubes inside a heat exchanger.
• Those tubes heat a separate water source to create steam.
• The steam then turns an electric generator to produce
electricity.
• The core water cycles back to the reactor to be reheated and
the process is repeated.
 NUCLEAR WASTE:
Nuclear waste is used to refer to spent nuclear fuel. There are different
grades of nuclear waste. The categories of waste are-
• Exempt waste: This type of waste is any material that has so little radioactivity,
and thus poses no threat.
• Low level waste: This type of waste is generated by facilities that use
radioactive isotopes.
• Intermediate level waste: This waste has sufficient radiation that it requires
shielding and needs to be handled more carefully than low level waste.
• High level waste: This waste is the used fuel and the material that has been
drawn out of the used nuclear fuel.
ACCIDENTS IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS:
THREE MAJOR NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS TILL NOW-
• The most devastating nuclear accident was at Chernobyl, Ukraine, 1986. Which
was levelled around 7 a (Major accident). In this accident widespread health and
environment got affected because of external release of a significant fraction of
reactor core inventory.
• The accident at Kyshtym, Russia, 1957 is levelled as 6 (Serious accident). In this
accident significant amount of radioactive material got released to the
environment from explosion of a high activity waste tank.
• The accident at Windscale, UK in 1957 & Three Mile Island, US, 1979 is levelled as 5
(Accident with wider consequences). In windscale radioactive materials were
released to the environment following a fire in a reactor core. In three mile island it
was because of some severe damage to the reactor core.
 SAFETY MEASURES TAKEN:

• Nuclear power plants are designed to prevent abnormal

incidents from occurring. plants are also designed to prevent
the potential spreading of abnormal incidents and leakage of
radioactive materials around plants, which may cause
adverse impacts on the surrounding environment.
• Nuclear power plants utilize redundant safety measures to
keep residential communities around them safe at all times.
 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT IN INDIA:

SL.NO PLANT NAME PLACE

1) Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant Tamil Nadu

2) Tarapur Nuclear Reactor Maharashtra

3) Rajasthan Atomic Power Plant Rajasthan

4) Kaiga Atomic Power Plant Karnataka
5) Kalapakkam Nuclear Power Plant Tamil Nadu
6) Narora Nuclear Reactor Uttar Pradesh
7) Kakarapar Atomic Power Plant Gujarat