Telecommunications and Networks

 A computer network is a collection of nodes that

are connected to one another electronically in
order to resource data and services(such as
printing).
 A node refers to:
 A server
 A computer
 A printer or a device that can be added to a
network.
 The connection is made using cable media or
wireless media.
 Facilitate communication
 Share Hardware
 Share data and information
 Share Software
 Transfer funds
 Availability
 Scalability
 Interoperability
 Local Area Network
 Wireless Local Area Network
 Wi-fi
 WiMAX
 Wide Area Network
 Personal Area Network
 Virtual Private Network
 Local Area Network(LAN) connects computers
and peripherals of businesses within a single
location over a relatively short distance such
as school, buildings, or home.
 LANs are controlled, and managed by a single
person or organization.
 Technologies:
 The Ethernet.
 Token Ring.
 A LAN can also be set up wirelessly. Instead of
using cables, radio signals are used for
communication.
 Some devices have built-in wireless
capabilities for example:
 Laptops
 Tablets
 Smart Phones
 Workstations may not have
wireless capabilities ,
therefore wireless LAN
cards need to be installed
on the workstations’
processing units.
 Now, wireless LAN cards
are being replaced by
portable wireless sticks.
 The Wireless card or stick
contains a small antenna
which sends and receives
radio signals from the
wireless access
point(WAP).
 There are two wireless
communication
standards:
 Wi-fi:
 It is an IEEE 802.11
wireless network
standard.
 It uses radio waves via
WAP.
 It is indicated by a logo
where it is available.
• It is an IEEE 802.16
wireless network
standard.
• It uses Microwave Access.
• It is designed as an
alternative to cables and
digital subscriber
line(DSL).
• It covers a larger
geographical area,
connecting across cities
and countries.
• A wide area network(WAN) covers a large physical
distance as compared to LAN.
• A WAN is geographically-dispersed collection of LANs.
• The Internet is the largest WAN, spanning the earth.
• Personal area network(PAN) is a computer network
organized around an individual.
• It involves:
• a Mobile computer
• a Cell phone
• a handheld computing device such as PDA.
• Why use this network?
• to transfer files such as:
• e-mails.
• calendar appointments.
• digital photos and music.
• With Cables:
• It uses USBs
• and FireWire
Technologies.
• Without
Cables(wireless):
• It uses Bluetooth or
Infrared connections.
• It usually covers a range
of less than 10
meters(about 30 feet).
• VPN provides a secure connection to a company’s
server, just as if the user has private line over the
Internet.
• The private connection is called a VPN tunnel.
• Content that passes through VPN tunnels is invisible
to the other users of the internet, and that includes
the internet service provider(ISP).
 Interface between the transmitter and the
receiver
 Two major categories
1. Guided Media/physical
2. Unguided Media/wireless
 Physical transmission uses wire or cable.
 The core is a conductor
 Usually a copper line encased in PVC for
insulation
 To protect travelling signals
 Reduce attenuation
1. Twisted-pair cables
2. Coaxial cables
3. Fiber optic cables
 These cables contain copper cables
 It is commonly used in a telephone line
network and in computer networking
 It is fairly inexpensive
 Easy to install
CAT1 1mbps analogue telephone lines,
modem lines

CAT2 4mbps token ring networks for IBM

terminal system

CAT3 16mbps analogue voices, 10Base-T

Ethernet

CAT4 20mbps 16 mbps token ring networks

CAT5e 100mbps ATM networks, 100Base- T

Ethernet

CAT6e 200mbps 10 gigabit Base-T Ethernet

CAT7 600mbps ultra fast Ethernet (1000Base-T

and 10gigabitbase-T), full-motion
videos
 Contain an inner copper coil
 Insulated by a plastic layer
 Surrounded by a layer of braided copper shield
 It has a higher bandwidth than the twisted-pair
 The RG6 coaxial cable is most commonly used to
carry television signals
 A cable consisting of one or more thin flexible
fibres with a glass core through which light
signals can be sent
 Cladding
 Buffer
 jacket
 Very little loss of strength
 Its able to transmit far more data using rapid
pulses of light up to 1.05 petabits per sec
 The speed of data transmission is extremely fast
with the speed of light
 Depending on the grade of material used, latency
or delay is very low

FOR EXAMPLE: Only 11 milliseconds

for 1000-kilometre round trip.
Transmission of data using electromagnetic
waves.
No wires are needed so setting up a network.
Several media are used each with its own
advantages and disadvantages.
 Infrared (IR)
 Radio
 Microwave
 Bluetooth
 Infrared transmission refers to energy in the
region of the electromagnetic radiation
spectrum at wavelengths longer than those of
visible light, but shorter than those of radio
waves

 Correspondingly, infrared frequencies are

higher than those of microwaves, but lower
than those of visible light
 Broadcast data
 Radio antennas are used to send and receive
data
 The data travels at a very high speed,
covering 299,792,458 meters in just one
second
 Uses short radio waves to transmit high-
volume data over a very long distance

 The wave length is between 1mm to 1 meter

 A regular radio signals has much longer wave

length (up to 1km)
 Requires tall microwave towers of up to 48
kilometres

 A good line-of-sight.

 Amplify the signal before retransmitting it to

the next microwave transmission tower
 This provides a wireless link for synchronisation
of data and collaboration between different
devices
Example of devices with bluetooth functions
include:
1. A phone that can be linked to the headset
2. A laptop that can send print jobs to a nearby
printer
3. A camera that quickly transfers images to the
laptop
 It uses a low-power radio communication
Disadvantage:
 Limited number of devices that can be
connected simultaneously
 Covers a short distance between devices (up
to 10 metres)
 Low rate of transfer of about 2mbps
 Modem : convert outgoing digital signal to
analog signal and vice versa
 Types of Telecommunication processor:
 Hub
 Router
 Switch
 Bridge
 input/output device use telecommunication
and network to transmit data

 It can be personal computer , network

computer etc
 It include operating environment , tools and
protocol

 Services supported are file sharing & printing

 NOS support P2P, and client –server .

 Protocol
 Rules and Procedures for communicating
Kinds of Protocol

 Connectionless
 Connection-oriented
 Routable
 Non-routable
 OSI protocol

 Ethernet protocol

 TCP/IP protocol
 OSI developed by ISO.

 Known as “basic model”

 Provide greater compatibility &

interoperability

 It contain seven layers

 Each layer perform different function

 Common protocol used for LAN
 Use access method called CSMA/CD.
 In this system each computer listen to cable before
sending data through network
 if network is clear , data will retransmit
 If both computer send data at same time collision occur.
 It allow for star & bus topologies
 Resource sharing
 Productivity of employees improved
 Computer are not just desktop tool but also
communication tool
 Email services
 Printing services
 Application services
 File services
 Packet switching:
 Internet technology used to send &
receive data over network
 data traffic broken into smaller parts called
”packet”
 At receiving end packet are assembled to
reproduce original data file
 TCP “determine how each data packet is broken”
 IP “label each packet with sender and receiver
destination”
 Internet contain sub network

 TCP/IP pair of protocol

 These are guide communication between sub network

 TCP responsible for verifying correct delivery

 IP layer responsible for routing the packet

 OSI model is seldom use in practice while TCP/IP use

mostly
 Allow user to access internet
 Provide common platform for accessing websites
 When connection establish user enter unique
address of web page i.e URL(uniform resource
locater)
 URL contains protocol , domain name , and the
path
 URL used to search particular page on server
 Collection of electronic component called
Hypertext document
 It is service of Internet
 Hypertext document become web page
viewed through web browser
 Navigation between document is through
hyperlinks
 Hypertext document stored on a web server
 Web page is most accessible format across
any platform