THE GOVERNMENT

OF THE
PHILIPPINES IN
TRANSITION Rich Elle

SlideShare
 PRE-SPANSIH GOVERNMENT
1.Unit of Government- The Philippines was composed of settlements of villages called barangay,
named after balangay, a Malayan word maening “boat”

2.Leadership- Each barangay was ruled by a chief datu in some places rajah, sultan or hadji.He was the
chief executive, law giver, chief judge and military head. In the performances of his duties however, he was
assisted usually by a council of elders (maginoos) which serves as his advisers. In form, the barangay was a
monarchy with the datu as the monarch. One can be a datu chiefly by inheritance, wisdom or physical prowess.
3.Social Class in Barangay- The people of the barangay were divided into four classes namely: the
nobility (Maharlika), to which the Datu belonged. The freeman (Timawa), the serfs (Aliping namamahay), and the
slaves (Aliping sagigilid).

4.Early Laws- The two known written codes in the pre-spanish era are: “The Maragtas Code” which was
said to have been written about 1250 AD by Datu Sumakawel of Panay. And the “Kalantiaw COde” written in
1433 AD by Datu Kalantiaw, also of Panay. The unwritten laws consisted customs and tradition which have been
passed down from the generation to generation.
 DURING THE PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
1.Spain’s Title the Philippines- It was based on the discovery made by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521,
consumated by its conquest by Miguel Lopes de Legazpi 45 years later. And long possesion for almost four
centuries. Until it was terminated in 1898, when by the treaty of Paris, the Philippines was ceded by the Spain to
the united States.

2.Spanish Colonial Government- From 1565-1821, the Philippines was indirectly governed by the King
of Spain through Mexico. From 1821 when Mexico obtained their independence from Spain, to 1898, the Philippines
was ruled directly from Spain. The Council in Spain responsible for the Administration of the Philippines was the
Council of Indies. In 1837 it was abolished and legislation for the Philippines was temporarily performed by the
Council of Ministers from 1863, the Ministry of Ultramar (colonies) exercised general power of supervision over
Philippines affairs.
 3.Government in the Philippines Unitary- The government which Spain established the
Philippines was centralized in structure and national in scope. The barangays were consolidated into towns
(pueblos) each headed by Gobenadorcillo (little governor), popularity called capitan, and the towns into provinces
each headed by a Governor, represented the Governor General in the province.
4.The Governor General- The powers of the government were actually exercised by the Governor-
General who resided in Manila. He was also known or called as “Captain-General” and “Vice- Royal Patron” and
as Governor-General he had executive, legislative and judicial powers. As Captain-General, he was the
Commander in chief ob all Armed Forces in the Philippines. As the Vice-Royal PAtron, he exercised certain
religious powers. Because of these broad powers. It has been said that the Governor-General enjoyed more
powers that the King of spain himself. This was justified, however, because of the distance of the Philippines
from Spain.
5.The Judiciary- The Royal Audienca which was been established in 1583 was the Supreme Court of
the Philippines during the Spanish time. Its decision was final except on certain cases of great importance
which could be appealed to the King of spain. It also perform function of executive and legislative nature.

Below the Royal-Audiencia, were two Territorial-Audiencias established in 1893 one in Cebu and the other
one in Vigan, which exercised appellate jurisdiction over criminal cases from their sorrounding territory.
 GOVERNMENT DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY
ERA
1.The Katipunan Government- The Katipuan was a secret societythat precipitated our glorious
revolution on August 26 1896. It was organized by Andres Bonifacio who together with a group of Filipino patriots,
signed the covenant of the Katipunan with their own blood on July 7, 1892. The central government of the
Katipunan was vested in a Supreme Council (Kataastaasang Sanggunian). in each province there was a provincial
Council (Sangguniang Barangay) and each town, a Popular Council (Sangguniang Bayan). The judicial power was
exercised by a judicial council (Sangguniang Hukuman).
 2.Biak na Bato Republic- On November 1, 1897,a republic was established by General Emilio
Aguinaldoin Biak na Bayo (now San-Miguel de Mayumo, Bulacan). It had a Constitution which was to take
effect for two years only. It declared that the aim of the revolutions was the “Separation of the Philippines in
the Spanish Monarchy and their formation inyo an independent state”. The Biak na Bato lasted up to December
15, 1897 with the conclusion of the “Pack of Biak na Bato”.

3.The Dictatorial Government- Following the outbreak of the Spanish-American war on April 25,
1898. Gen. Aguinaldo , in view of the chaotic condition in the country, established the Dictatorial Government on
May 23, 1898. the most important achievement of the Dictatorial Government were the proclamation of the
Philippine Independence, at Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898 and the reorganization of the local government.
 4.The Revolutionary Government- On june 29, 1898, Gen. Aguinaldo establishedthe Revolutionary
Government replacing the Dictatorial Government with himself as the President and a Congress whose function
was advisory and ministerial. The decree making such change stated that the new government were to
“struggle for the Independence of the Philippines, until all nations including Spain will expressly recognized it”
to prepare the country for establishment of the real republic.

5. The First Philippines Republic- On September 15, 1989, revolutionary Congress of Filipino Representative met
in Malolos Bulacan, at the call of the revolutionary government. The Malolos Congress ratified on September 29,
1898 the proclamation of Philippine independence made by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo in Kawit, Cavite on june
12,1898 and framed the so callled Malolos Constitution. This Constitution was the first democratic Constitution
ever promulgated in the whole of Asia. It is established a (free and independent Philippine Republic), which
was inaugurated in January 23, 1899 with Gen. Aguinaldo as president.
 5. The First Philippines Republic- On September 15, 1989, revolutionary Congress of
Filipino Representative met in Malolos Bulacan, at the call of the revolutionary government. The Malolos
Congress ratified on September 29, 1898 the proclamation of Philippine independence made by Gen. Emilio
Aguinaldo in Kawit, Cavite on june 12,1898 and framed the so callled Malolos Constitution. This
Constitution was the first democratic Constitution ever promulgated in the whole of Asia. It is established
a (free and independent Philippine Republic), which was inaugurated in January 23, 1899 with Gen.
Aguinaldo as president.
 THE PREVOUS PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

Under joint resolution no. 93, approved by the United State Congress on June 29, 1994. The President of the
Unites state was authorized to proclaim the independence of the Philippine prior to July 4, 1946 after the
Japanese had been vanquished and constitutional processes in the country restored. The Republic of the
Philippines was formally inaugurated on July 4, 1946 with Manuel A, Roxas as the first President and Elpidio
Quieino as the first Vice President. Roxas and Quirino also served from May 28, 1946 as the last commonwealth
president and the Vice-President, respectively
 The First Republic was established on January 23, 1899 under the Malolos Constitution; the
second on October 14, 1943 under the Japanese sponsored Constitution, and the third, on July 4,
1946 under the 1935 Constitution. President Ferdinand E. Marcos, in his inauguration address on
June 30, 1981, proclaimed the birth of the fourth- Republic under 1973 Constitution which, as
amended in a plebiscite on April 7, 1981, installed a modified parliamentary system of a
government thus making him its first President. All in all, there were 9 Presidentin the previous
three-republics, including President Marcos in his two terms in the third republic.
 THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENTOF
1986
Before Corazon Aquino took her oath of office on the morning of February 25, 1986 at Club Filipino, San Juan
Metro Manila, the last day of a four days “People Power Revolt”. (February 22-25) that culminated questioned in
the ouster of President Ferdinand E. Marcos, she read proclamation no. 1, wherein she declared the she and her
Vice-President were “Taking Power in the named and by the will of the Filipino People”. on the basis of the
clear sovereign will of the People express in the Election on February 7, 1986. and her oath, she swore to
preserve and defend the “Fundamental Laws” (Not the “Constitution), and execute “Just laws” (instead of its law).
 The First Republic was established on January 23, 1899 under the Malolos Constitution; the
second on October 14, 1943 under the Japanese sponsored Constitution, and the third, on July 4,
1946 under the 1935 Constitution. President Ferdinand E. Marcos, in his inauguration address on
June 30, 1981, proclaimed the birth of the fourth- Republic under 1973 Constitution which, as
amended in a plebiscite on April 7, 1981, installed a modified parliamentary system of a
government thus making him its first President. All in all, there were 9 Presidentin the previous
three-republics, including President Marcos in his two terms in the third republic.
 DIVISION OF THE GOVERNMENT

One of the basic collolary in a Presidential System of the government is te principle of the separation of
powers wherein legislation belongs to Congress, execution to the Executive, and settlement of the legal
controversies to the judiciary.

The Legislative Branch- is authorized to make laws, alter and repeal them, through the power vested
in the Philippine Congress. This institution is deided into the Senate and the House of Representatives
The Executive Branch- carries out laws. It is composed of the President and the Vice-President who
are elected by direct popular vote and serve a term of six years. The constitution grants the President
authority to appoint his cabinet. This department form alrge portioned of the countries bureaucracy.

The Judicial Branch- The judicial branch evaluates law it holds the power to settle controversies
involving rights that are legally demand able and enforceable. This branch determines whether or not there has
been grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdictation on the part of instrumentality of
the government. It is made up of a Supreme Court and lower Court.
 FUNCTION OF THE GOVERNMENT

Major function of the government includes:

1.Foreign Diplomacy
2.Military Defense
3.Maintenance of Domestic Order
4.For Administration of Justice
5.Protection of Civil Liberties
6.Provision for and Regulation of the Conduct of Periodic Election
7.Provision for Public goods and Services
8.Promotion of Economic Growth and Development
9.Operation of Social Insurance Program to prevent future poverty
10.Operation of Social Welfare Programs to alleviate existing poverty.
 DE JURE AND DE FACTO GOVERNMENT

1.De Jure (Legitimate Government)- It is one of the established accordance to the Constitution
of the nation and lawfully entitled to recognition and supremacy and administration of the nation but which
is actually cut off from power or control.

2.De Facto (Illegitimate Government)- It is one that maintains itself by display of force
against the will of the rightful legal government and is successful at least temporarily in overturning the
institution of the rightful legal government by setting its own lieu thereof.
 THREE KIND OF DE FACTO GOVERNMENT
1.Government by Revolution- A government established by the inhabitants who rise in revolt
against and depose the legitimate regime.

2.Government by Secession- A government established ny the inhabitants of a state who secede

there from without overthrowing its government

3.Gobernment by Occupation- It sis a government established in the course of war by the

invading forces of one belligerent country in the territory of another belligerent country. The government of
which is also displaced.
THE END!