Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Peritonitis
Intra-abdominal infections
Secondary peritonitis
Acute peritoneal infection
Often involves multiple organisms - both aerobes and anaerobes
Commonest organisms are E. coli and Bacteroides fragilis
Secondary peritonitis
Etiology
Etiology (secondary peritonitis )
• Perforation of a viscus into the
peritoneal cavity
• Trauma
• Infected intraperitoneal blood from any
source (eg, trauma, surgery, ectopic pregnancy)
can become infected and lead to peritonitis.
• Foreign bodies
• Pancreatitis
Etiology (secondary peritonitis )
• Strangulating intestinal obstruction
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• Vascular catastrophes (mesenteric
thrombosis or embolism).
• In sexually active women: gonococcus and
chlamydia are most common.
• IUD long-lasting
• Anastomotic dehiscence
Etiology (secondary peritonitis )
• Drains of any type may furnish an entry for bacteria into the
peritoneal cavity.
• Peritoneal dialysis
Peritonitis, symptoms
• Abdominal pain
• Abdominal tenderness
• Fluid in the abdomen
• Inability to pass feces or gas („ silent „ abdomen )
• Distended abdomen
• Fever
• Low urine output
• Nausea and vomiting
• Point tenderness
• Thirst
Infected ascites
Symptoms, Signs, and
Complications
The symptoms of peritonitis depend on the virulence
and extent of the infection.
CT SCAN
Intraabdominal abscess
CT SCAN
Inraabominal band
Perforated abdominal esophagus
tends to cause the one of most serious cases of peritonitis; the mortality
rate is nearly 20%. There may be a history of peptic ulcer disease, but in
about 33% of cases, the first symptom is a sudden attack of severe
epigastric pain.
A patient examined shortly after onset may be relatively free of pain and
show only mild tenderness and diminished or absent peristalsis.
However, within a few hours, vomiting, tenderness, and spasm, either in
the epigastrium or over the whole abdomen, develop.
Perforated Appendix
It can occur at any age but is
the most common cause of
peritonitis in children and
young adults.
In children, because of a poorly
developed omentum,
peritonitis is likely to be
generalized;
in adults, local peritonitis and
abscess formation are more
common.
Tenderness in the right lower
quadrant or over the entire
abdomen indicates the
extent of inflammation.
Perforated colon
Ulcerative colitis
Sigmoid diverticulosis
Perforated colon, diverticulum
Vascular lesions of the intestine or colon
If the diagnosis seems certain and trauma was not a factor, laparotomy
usually is avoided and reserved for the complications of pancreatic
necrosis, abscess, or pseudocyst.
However, failure to improve may be an indication for earlier operation.
Fungal peritonitis
usually with Candida, can occur, especially in postoperative patients
who have had persistent peritonitis treated with antibiotics. Candidal
peritonitis can be treated with IV amphotericin B, but the prognosis is
grave.
Pyosalpinx, in which one or both fallopian tubes are filled with pus,
may also be present.
The fluid may be sterile, but WBCs predominate in it.
Postoperative peritonitis
Operative injury to a viscus (biliary tree, ureter, bladder, GI tract)
requires surgical correction.