Research

- Is asking questions and looking for answers to these

questions.

Definition of research by several experts.

 Kerlinger – defines research as a systematic, controlled,
empirical and critical investigation of natural
phenomena guided by theory and hypotheses about
the presumed relations among such phenomena
 Best and Kahn- describe
research as a systematic and
objective analysis and recording
of controlled observations that
may lead to the developmet of
generalizations, principles or
theories resulting in prediction
and possibly ultimate control of
events.
 Aquino- has a more detailed definition of
research. He says that “research is, simply,
the systematic search for pertinent
information on a specific problem.”

Treece and Treece – commented that “research

in its broadest sense is an attempt to gain
solutions to a problem.”
 Purpose and Goals of research
1.To discover new facts about known phenomena
2.To find answers to problems which are only partially solved by
existing methods and information.
3.Improve existing techniques and develop new instruments or
products.
4. To discover previously unrecognized substances or
elements.
5. To provide basis for decision.
6. To satisfy researcher’s curiosity.
7. To find answers to queries by means of scientific
methods.
8. To acquire a better and deeper understanding
about one phenomenon that can be known and
understood better by research
3 – What is the purpose of research?

6- What is the important of research in

our daily life?
Quantitative Research
- Is an objective, systematic empirical investigation
of observable phenomena through the use of
computational techniques.

- Simply, quantitative research is concerned with

numbers and its relationship with events.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
1.Objective- quantitative research seeks accurate
measurement, and analysis of target concept.
- It is not based on mere intuitions and guesses .
- Data gathered before proposing a conclusion or solutions to
a problem.
2. Clearly defined research questions
- The researcher know in advance what they
are looking for.
- The researcher questions are well-defined
for which objective answers are sought.
3. Structured research instruments
- Data are normally gathered using structured
research tools such as questionnaires to
collect measurable characteristics of the
population like age, socio-economic status,
number of children etc.
4. Numerical Data
- Data are in form of numbers and statistics, often
organized and presented using tables, charts, graphs,
and figures that consolidate large numbers of data to
show trends, relationships, or difference among
variables.
5. Large Sample Sizes
- This requires a large sample size, depending on how the
characteristics of the population vary.
- Random sampling is recommended in determining the
sample size to avoid researcher’s bias in interpreting the
results.
6. Replication
- Reliable quantitative studies can be repeated to verify or confirm
the correctness of the results in another setting.
- This strengthens the validity of the findings thus eliminating the
possibility of spurious conclusions.

7. Future Outcomes
- By using complex mathematical calculations and with the aid of
computers, if- then scenarios may be formulated thus predicting
future results.
 OPEN THE MIRROR
The 7 Characteristics of Quantitative
Research
1. Objective
2. Clearly defined research questions
3. Structured research instruments
4. Numerical data
5. Large sample sizes
6. Replication
7. Future outcomes
Strengths of Quantitative Research
The advantages of quantitative research.
1.It is objective. Since it provides numerical data, it
can’t be easily misinterpreted.
2.The use of statistical technique facilitates
sophisticated analyses and allow you to comprehend
a huge amount of vital characteristics of data.
3. The numerical data can be generalized to the
population about which information is necessary.

4. Quantitative studies are replicable. Standardized

approaches allow the study to be replicated in
different areas or over time with the formulation of
comparable findings.
 Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
The disadvantages of quantitative research.
1.Quantitative research requires a large number of
respondents. It is assumed that the larger the sample is,
the more statistically accurate the findings are.

2.It is costly. Since, there are more respondents compared

to qualitative research, the expenses will be greater in
reaching out to these people and in reproducing the
questionnaires.
3. The information contextual factors to help interpret the
results or to explain variations are usually ignored. It does
not consider the distinct capacity of the respondents to
share ad elaborate further information unlike the qualitative
research.

4. Many information are difficult to gather.

5. If not done seriously and correctly, data from
questionnaires may be incomplete and inaccurate.
9- What are the characteristics of
research?

-What are the strength and

weaknesses of research?
Kinds of Research
- The kind of research is dependent on the researcher’s aim in
conducting the study and the extent to which the findings
will be used.

1.Descriptive Research
- This design is concerned with describing the nature,
characteristics and components of the population or a
phenomenon.
- There is no search for cause and effect related to the
phenomenon.
Example: a. You wat to know how many hours
senior high school students spend in social
media.
b. The number of malnourished students
who failed in the achievement test.
c. How healthy is the food served during
recess in the public schools.
 2. Correlational Research
- It is the systematic investigation of the nature of
relationships, or associations between and among
variables without necessarily investigating into casual
reasons underlying them.

Example: If pre- board examination results can be used to

predict performance in the Licensure Examination for
Teachers (LET), the higher the pre- board result, the higher
most likely be the passers in the LET.
- Correlational research is employed if you like
to know, for example if the following factors
are related to each other

a. Sex and mathematically ability

b.Occupation and life span
3.Evaluation Research
- This kind of research aims to assess the
effects, impacts or outcomes of practices ,
policies or programs.
4. Survey Research
- It is used to gather information from groups of people by
selecting and studying samples chosen from a population.
- A survey research is considered longitudinal if the
researcher collects information on the same subjects
over a period of time.
Example: The rate of promotion of doctorate degree
holders five years after earning the degree.
 5. Causal-Comparative Research.
- It is also known as ex post facto research.
- This kind of research derives conclusion from observations and
manifestation that already occurred in the past and now compared to some
dependent variables.
It discusses why and how a phenomenon occurs.
Example: A researcher is interested in how weight influences stress-coping
level of adults.
Here, the subjects would be separated into different groups
(underweight, normal weight, overweight) and their stress-coping levels
measured.
- This is an ex post facto design because a pre-existing characteristics (weight)
was used to form the groups.
6. Experimental Research
-This research utilizes scientific method to test cause-
and effect relationships under conditions controlled by
the researcher.
Example: A teacher would like to know if a new
teaching strategy is effective or not he/she teaches
one section using the new strategy and teaches
another comparable section without the new strategy.
12- What are types of quantitative
research?

- Give at least 3 types of

quantitative research and explain.
NEXT MEETING QUIZ