SEWERAGE SYSTEM

Chapter 5
Aidalia Bt Endut
Introduction
• Underground conduit for collection of sewage called sewer
• The sewerage system is a network of sewers and appurtenances for collection and
conveyance of sewage generated form each of this properties to sewage pumping
station and pump it to sewage treatment and disposal
• Three types of sewerage system
• Combined sewer system
• Separate sewerage systems
• Partially combined or separate system

• Appurtenances - accessories
 Separated sewage system
• For small sewerage plant
• Domestic and industrial sewage will flow to one culvert and runoff will flow to another
culvert
• 2 pipe:
• i. Runoff pipe- to river
• Ii. Domestic pipe – to wastewater treatment
 Advantages and Disadvantages of
Separate system
Advantages Disadvantages
Capacity of water treatment plant will be Storm water will flow to sewerage system
smaller (only domestic sewage to be treated)
Less operational problems Small sewer easily choked and difficult to
clean
Small sewage load on treatment units Storm water sewer only used in rainy season
River water are not polluted Higher cost –two sewers used
Storms water can be discharge without
treatment
Economical; quantity of sewage pumping
small
Condition to use separate sewerage
system
• In flat and rocky area
• Sufficient fund not available currently
• Annual precipitation is small
• Near to natural river or drain
• If pumping is a must
 Combined System
• Domestic, industrial flow to
same culvert
• Need a big size of culvert and
additional culvert

• Condition to use combined

system
• Sufficient annual rainfall
• Limited space
• Diversion of the flow can be
provided
• Existing system can carry both
sewages
 Advantages and Disadvantages of
Combined system
Advantages Disadvantages
1 system provided-no confusion in Non-rainy season-flow will be meager -
giving connection required frequent cleaning
Less expensive to install the system Large sewer are difficult for handling
and transport
Large sewers size (no clogging and easy High load treatment during storm/flood
cleaning)
Strength of sewage reduce by dilution Heavy rain cause overflow and causing
nuisance
Pumping is economical
Storm water is unnecessarily polluted
Partially Separated System
• Separated in early stage but combine at the end of system
• Rainwater pipe near to sewage pipe will be combine at the end of system
Types of Sewer
 Types of Sewer Pipe
1. Vitrified Clay Pipe
• Design from clay with natrium chloride
• Used= culvert for individual land

2. Asbestos cement
• Cement mixing with asbestos
• Used = for small diameter of culvert
 Types of Sewer Pipe
3.Concrete
• Used concrete –can be casting in situ
• Diameter 600mm

4.Cast iron
• Iron adding with carbon
• Substitute for carbon- carbon silicate, manganese
and phosphorus
 Types of Sewer Pipe
5.Steel
• For underground channel
• Culvert size –big
• Strength - high

6. UPVC
- For wastewater and sewerage pipe, water
supply pipe, rain pipe
Pipe Selection Criteria
 Selecting Pipe
1.Life expectancy
-Long life expectancy- reduce maintenance cost

2.Previous Experience
3. Resistance to corrosion and abrasion
4.Frictional Coefficient
-low coefficient = wastewater flow smoothly
-avoid waste stuck in pipe = pipe damage
 Selecting Pipe
5. Strength of Sewer Structure
-enough to handle soil load

6.Availability of supply, delivery and installation

- availability of pipe in market, easy to deliver
7. Method of joint
-depend of type of pipe

8. Water Tight Capability

-runoff cannot enter pipe and wastewater cannot enter runoff
Sewer Appurtenance
 Manhole
• Manholes is a reinforced cement
concrete (RCC) chamber
constructed for;
• Inspection
• Cleaning
• Testing
• Removal 0f obstruction in sewer
lines
• Joining sewer lines
• Changing in direction of sewer
 Classification of Manholes
• Class Shallow Deep drop

Depth 0.9-1.5 m > 1.2m from > 600mm

sewerage
channel
Size Open size: Open size:
Up:900 mm Up:900 mm
Floor:1.05 m Down:1.25

Stairs No Yes yes

 Manholes location

• • 1. intersection or changes of culvert

• 2. For cleaning process ( if pipe is straight) = not
more than 60 m
• 3.For joining
• 4. Changing of soil level
• 5. for slope
• 6.Change in pipe size and pipe material
 Components of Deep Manhole
• Access Shaft
• Working chamber
• Bottom or invert
• Side walls
• Ladders
• Top cover and frames
 Drop manhole
• Special type of manhole constructed to provide a connection between high and
low level main sewer.
Manhole Junction
 Siphon
• INVERTED SIPHONS
• An inverted siphon is a sewer that runs full under gravity flow at a pressure above
atmosphere in the sewer.
 Corrosion in Sewer
• Causes for Crown Corrosion
• Bacteria in the mucus under flowing sewage convert sulphates in the sewage
into sulphides. Sulphides in the liquid make their way to the surface of the
sewage and released into the sewer atmosphere as hydrogen sulphide (H2S) gas
• H2S gas in atmosphere makes contact with mucus in the crown of the sewer ,
which contains more bacteria. Bacterial action converts,H2S gas to sulphuric acid
which causes corrosion in the crown of the pipe and this corrosion is also called
crown corrosion. If pipe material is of corrodible nature sulphuric acid attacks the
pipe material and causing ultimate failure
Design of Sewer Using Cheezy &
Manning Formula