DC CIRCUIT

Design By:
Om Prakash Yadav
Assistant Professor
Chandigarh University-Gharuan

University Institute of Applied ScienceUniversity

 Basic Elements & Introductory
Concepts
• Electrical Network: A combination of various electric elements (Resistor,
Inductor, Capacitor, Voltage source, Current source) connected in any
manner what so ever is called an electrical network. We may classify
circuit elements in two categories, passive and active elements.

• Passive Element: The element which receives energy (or absorbs energy)
and then either converts it into heat (R) or stored it in an electric (C) or
magnetic (L ) field is called passive element.

• Active Element: The elements that supply energy to the circuit is called
active element. Examples of active elements include voltage and current
sources, generators, and electronic devices that require power supplies.

• Transformer is a passive element

• Transistor is an active element
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 Basic Elements & Introductory
Concepts
Bilateral Element: Conduction of current in both directions in an
element (example: Resistance; Inductance; Capacitance) with
same magnitude is termed as bilateral element.

Unilateral Element: Conduction of current in one direction is

termed as unilateral (example: Diode, Transistor) element.

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 Basic Laws of Circuits

• OHM’S LAWS:-The current flowing through the electric circuit is

directly proportional to the potential difference across the circuit and
inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit, provided the
temperature remains constant.

i(t) v (t) _
+
v(t) = Ri(t)
R

i(t) _ v (t)
+ _ Ri(t)
v(t) =
R
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 Basic Laws of Circuits

Ohm’s Law:
Directly proportional means a straight line relationship.

v(t)
R v(t) = Ri(t)

i(t)

The resistor is a model and will not produce a straight line

for all conditions of operation.
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 Resistor

• The unit of resistance is ohms( ).

• A mathematical expression for resistance is

l
R
A
l : Thelength of the conductor (meters )

A : The cross  sectional area (meters 2 )

 : The resistivity    m 
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•We remember that resistance has units of ohms. The reciprocal of resistance
is conductance. At one time, conductance commonly had units of mhos
(resistance spelled backwards). •
•In recent years the units of conductance has been established as simians (S).

•Thus, we express the relationship between conductance and resistance as

1
G (S)
R

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 Kirchhoff’s Current Law

As a consequence of the Law of the conservation of charge, we have:

• The sum of the current entering a node (junction point) equal to the
sum of the currents leaving.

Ia Ic

Ib Ia + Ib = Ic + Id
Id

I a, I b, I c , and I d can each be either a positive

or negative number.
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 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)

• The algebraic sum of voltages around each loop is zero

• Beginning with one node, add voltages across each branch in the
loop.

(if you encounter a + sign first) and subtract voltages (if you
encounter a – sign first)

Σ voltage drops - Σ voltage rises = 0

Or
Σ voltage drops = Σ voltage rises
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 Voltage Sources

• Ideal • Real
• A real voltage sources is
• An ideal voltage source has
modeled as an ideal voltage
no internal resistance.
source in series with a
• It can produce as much resistor.
current as is needed to
• There are limits to the
provide power to the rest of
current and output voltage
the circuit.
from the source.

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 Conversion of practical voltage
sources into current sources

• RL in both circuits must be identical.

IL and VL in the left circuit = IL and VL on the left

Real Voltage Source

Real Current Source

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 Voltage Divider

The basic idea behind the voltage divider is to assign a portion of

the total voltage to each resistor.

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 Current Divider

The parallel combination of two resistors is sometimes termed as current

divider, because the supply current is distributed between the two
branches of the circuit

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 RLC Characteristics

Element V/I Relation DC Steady-State

Resistor V=IR
vR (t )  R iR (t )

Capacitor I = 0; open
d vC (t )
iC (t )  C
dt

Inductor d iL (t ) V = 0; short
vL (t )  L
dt

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 FAQS

• Can we store AC supply in batteries or not? If not,

why?
• Why Ohm’s law is not applicable to semiconductor
devices?
• A circuit contains two unequal resistances in parallel,
then potential difference across each of the resistor is
same or not?
• On which factors does the voltage drop depend?
• Define time constant of RC series circuit and time
constant of RL series circuit.

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 References

• Basic Electrical Engineering, Nagrath, 2001, McGraw-Hill Education (India)

Pvt Limited
• Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bhattacharya, S.K., 2011, Pearson
• www.nptel.ac.in/courses
• nptel.iitk.ac.in

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