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The document defines matter as anything that has mass and occupies space, and discusses the three phases or states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases - and how their particle properties differ in terms of arrangement, relative spacing, and relative motion. It also explains various physical properties of matter like compressibility, density, shape, and diffusion, which help chemists identify substances, as well as chemical properties involving changes in a substance's composition through chemical reactions.
The document defines matter as anything that has mass and occupies space, and discusses the three phases or states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases - and how their particle properties differ in terms of arrangement, relative spacing, and relative motion. It also explains various physical properties of matter like compressibility, density, shape, and diffusion, which help chemists identify substances, as well as chemical properties involving changes in a substance's composition through chemical reactions.
The document defines matter as anything that has mass and occupies space, and discusses the three phases or states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases - and how their particle properties differ in terms of arrangement, relative spacing, and relative motion. It also explains various physical properties of matter like compressibility, density, shape, and diffusion, which help chemists identify substances, as well as chemical properties involving changes in a substance's composition through chemical reactions.
properties Key Understanding Understanding of the definition of matter and its properties in relation to helping chemists in identifying substances Key Question What is matter and its properties? What is Matter?
• Matter is anything that has mass and
occupies space.
• The three phases of matter are solid,
liquid, and gas. Differences in Particle Properties of the Three Phases of Matter Property Solid Phase Liquid Phase Gas Phase Arrangement of Particles are Particles have Particles have particles tightly packed a disordered a totally with ordered arrangement. disordered arrangement arrangement.
Relative Particles are Particles are close Particles are
spacing close to one another far apart. between to one another. particles
Relative motion Particles are Particles are free Particles have
of essentially in to move, relative complete particles fixed to other particles. freedom positions of motion. Solid • Solid, a state of matter, has definite shape and volume. • Solids have particles that are tightly packed, often in an orderly manner. Because of this arrangement of particles, a solid does not conform to the shape of its container. • Moreover, a solid is incompressible; that is, it cannot be pressed into a smaller volume. It also expands only slightly when heated. Liquid
• Liquid, another state of matter, has indefinite
shape and definite volume. • Liquids, unlike solids, have particles that are not rigidly held in place and are less tightly packed. • Liquid particles are able to move past one another; hence, liquids flow and take the shape of their containers. Gas
• Gas, yet another state of matter, has indefinite
shape and volume. • A gas flows and takes the shape and fills the entire volume of its container. • In comparison to solids and liquids, gases have particles that are far apart from one another. This is the reason why gases are compressible. • Gas refers to a substance that is naturally in the gaseous state at room temperature. Oxygen is a gas because at room temperature, its natural state is gaseous.
• Vapor refers to the gaseous state of a
substance, that is, a solid or a liquid at room temperature. Steam is an example of vapor because water exists as liquid at room temperature. Properties of Solid, Liquid, and Gas Property Solid Liquid Gas Compressibility Almost Slightly Highly incompressible compressible compressible Density High High Very low Volume Retains own Definite volume; Fills the container volume does not fill container Shape Retains own shape Assumes shape of Assumes shape of container container Diffusion Extremely slow; Slow Rapid occurs only at surface Expansion Low expansion on Low expansion on High expansion on heating heating heating Properties of Matter
• Physical Property ‒ is characteristic that can
be observed and measured without changing the identity and composition of the substance. • Other examples of physical properties aside from those already discussed in the previous section are color, melting point, and boiling point. • Physical properties are very important because these help chemists in identifying substances. Physical Properties of Some Substances
Substance State Color Melting Point Boiling Point
(°C) (°C) Hydrogen Gas Colorless -259 -253 Oxygen Gas Colorless -218 -183 Chlorine Gas Greenish -101 -34 yellow Methanol Liquid Colorless -94 65 Mercury Liquid Silvery white -39 357 Water Liquid Colorless 0 100 Sulfur Solid White 115 445 Gold Solid Yellow 1064 2856 Platinum Solid Silvery white 1769 3825 Properties of Matter
• Chemical property refers to the ability of a
substance to undergo changes to transform into a different substance. • It describes how a substance reacts with another substance. • An example of a chemical property is the ability of iron to rust by combining with oxygen in air. Another chemical property is flammability, which is illustrated by the ability of charcoal to burn in air. Properties of Matter • When a substance undergoes changes in its composition, a chemical change or chemical reaction occurs. • In a chemical change, one or more substances are converted into different substances. The substances that transform, or undergo chemical reaction, are called the reactants. • The substances that are formed are called products. In the charcoal burning cited as an example earlier, carbon and oxygen are the reactants in the combustion reaction and carbon dioxide is the product. Properties of Matter
The chemical change that occurs can be
described as: Carbon plus oxygen yields carbon dioxide.
This may also be written with the arrow and plus
sign used to substitute the words plus and yields, respectively, as shown below: carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide C + O2 CO2 Properties of Matter • Extensive properties depend on the amount of matter present. Examples of extensive properties are mass, volume, and the amount of energy in a substance. • On the other hand, intensive properties do not depend on the amount of matter present. Such properties include density, melting point, freezing point, and ability to conduct heat and electricity. Note that an intensive property is a property that depends on the kind of matter in a sample, not on the amount of matter present. Section Assessment
• Make a brochure of tourist spots in the
Philippines. Include photos and identify the states of matter in the photos. Be as specific as possible in your descriptions of the solids, liquids, and gases in your tourist spots. Show intellectual honesty by citing your references and giving photo credits.