1.

Curve of Void Ratio (e) vs Effective Stress (σ΄)

 Oedometer Test H1  H s
e0 = w0 Gs e1 
Hs
e1 = w1 Gs
Ms
Hs 
AGs  w

e0 = void ratio awal

e1 = void ratio setelah pembebanan 1
w0 = kadar air tanah awal
w1 = kadar air tanah setelah pemb. 1
Gs = berat jenis tanah
Ms = massa butiran tanah
A = luas penampang contoh tanah
ρw = kepadatan air
Curve of e vs σ΄ (continuation)

Curves indicate whether NC or OVC

Δe >>  NC (normally-consolidated clays)

Δe <<  OVC (overconsolidated clays)
2. Preconsolidation Pressure (σc΄)

 Casagrande’s Method
 Draw Line BC

 Draw the tangent to the

curve at D

 Draw bisect the angle

between the tangent &
the horizontal through D

 The point of intersection

of the bisector and CB
gives σc΄
 3. Coefficients indicating compressibility of clays

 The Coefficient of Volume Compressibility (mv)

1  e0  e1 
mv   
1  e0   1 ' 0 ' 
1  H 0  H1 
  
H 0   1 ' 0 ' 
Typical values mv
 The Compressibility Index (Cc or Ce)

e0  e1
Cc 
log  1 ' /  0 '

e1  e2
C 
log  2 ' /  1 '
4. Coefficients of Consolidation (Cv)

 Casagrande Method (The Log Time)

Tv d 2 0.196 d 2
Cv  
t 50 t 50
 Taylor Method (The Root Time)

Tv d 2 0.848 d 2
Cv  
t 90 t 90
Typical values Cc and Cv
Typical values Cα
 The Compression Ratios

a0  as
 Initial Compression Ratio r0 
a0  a f

a s  a100
 Primary Compression Ratio rp  (log time)
a0  a f

10(a s  a90 )
rp 
9(a0  a f )

rs  1  r0  rp 
 Secondary Compression Ratio
 In-situ value of Cv

Using Hydrulic Oedometer

by Rowe and Barden
250 mm x 100 mm
(vs Oedometer, 75 mm x 20 mm)
Consider clay macro-fabric on drainage behaviour
 Maintain a constant head at the piezometer tip and
measure the rate of flow into or out of the system to determine Cv

AAlternatif (satisfactory) procedures to determine Cv

 Lab value mv and in-situ measurement k
5. Degree of Consolidation (Uz)

 Void Ratio (e)

e0  e
Uz 
e0  e1

e0 = void ratio prior to consolidation

e1 = void ratio at end of consolidation

e = void ratio at the time in question

 Effective Pressure (σ΄) Excess Pore Pressure (u)

 ' 0 ' ui  u e ue
Uz  Uz   1
 1 ' 0 ' ui ui

σ0’ = eff pressure prior to consolidation ui = initial excess pore pressure

σ1’ = eff pressure at end of consolidation ue = excess pore pressure at time in

question
σ’ = eff pressure at the time in question
APPLICATION OF CONSOLIDATION
Settlement

Building Fill

Settlement due to excess pwp

Clay Clay
 Heaving

Ground surface

Excavation

Heave due to negative pwp