Load Securing - Ultimate

Load securing for Road Transport
The Centre for Improvement of the Road Transport Personnel – Specialized in Professional Certification
www.fors-online.org.uk
To ensure that : Load
Loaddoes
remains
Vehicle onisthe
stability
not presentnotvehicle
hazard whilst
compromised on the road
when loading/unloading
"Maybe you have to know the darkness before you can appreciate the light." —
Madeleine L'Engle
“Light thinks it travels faster than anything but it is wrong. No matter how fast light
travels, it finds the darkness has always got there first, and is waiting for it.”
Sir Isaac Newton’s laws :
• when objects are in motion, they

will continue to move in the same
direction and at the same speed unless
some other force acts upon them to retard
or stop their movement.
• Those forces could be vehicle structure,

restraints etc…
Analogies…cont
Coffee on the move …?
- Would you drive with the lid off?
- How is it secured in the car?
Purpose:
Ensuring that vehicles are

safely loaded, loads in
normal and emergency
situations do not cause a
hazard and that
appropriate load
restraints are used.
Reasons to properly store/secure the goods ?!
FOR “a good night sleep”
FOR avoiding possible finnes
FOR protecting the goods

during transport
If you did not witness the vehicle

being loaded then you should
check that the load is in a safe
condition before you continue your
journey
OBJECTIVES :
1. Load securing regulations
2. Load distribution
3. Securing methods
4. Securing equipment
5. Check of cargo securing
1. Load securing regulations : OMTI nr. 980/2011, art.133/134:
The load securing arrangement must be capable of withstanding :

... deceleration of 0.8 x g (gravitational acceleration) of the cargo weight forwards
... deceleration of 0.5 x g (gravitational acceleration) of the cargo weight towards the rear
... acceleration of 0.5 x g (gravitational acceleration) of the cargo weight sideways
DECELERATION Force
(at ACCEL./in RAMP)
ACCELERATION Force
(in curves/corners)
0,5 G
0,5 G ACCELERATION Force
(50% from the weight of the load) (in curves/corners)
DECELARATION Force
0,5 G
(50% from the weight of the load)
(at BRAKING)
0,8 G
… to ensure in advance that the vehicle with which the transport is being made
complies the following conditions:
(i) the side doors and / or the rear doors of the vehicle for loading / unloading
goods, shutters, retractable ramp, tarpaulins, spare wheel as well the other equipment
specific to the respective vehicle is well fixed;
(ii) the load must not obstruct the safe driving of the vehicle;
(iii) the center of gravity of the load is as close as possible to the center of the vehicle;
… to carry out the transport only after ensuring that the packaging of the goods is
sufficient to resist for a safety transport. If the packing of the goods is NOT strong
enough, it will ask the sender for additional packing that is sufficiently resistant;
…to ensure that the fasteners comply with the following conditions:
(i) correctly perform the functions for which they were built;
(ii) are suitable for fixing the respective goods;
(iii) has no damaged, worn, weakened knots and / or other elements;
(iv) comply with European and / or international standards in force;
…to ensure that the load securing system used for encircling, securing or maintaining
the load on / or in a vehicle is adapted to the size, shape, consistency and the
characteristics of the load;
…to ensure that the load wrapped or fixed in the vehicle complies with the provisions
of the "European best practices Guidelines on cargo securing for road transport",
developed by the European Commission's Directorate-General for Energy and
Transport on December 14, 2005 (revised in 2014). "
QUESTIONS /
CONCLUSIONS ?!?
(Payload?)
 Own weight?
Shipping order
CMR
(labels/packages) MT/  (MTMA vehicle) 
m3  C.Gravity Height. 
 C.Gravity Pos. 
 MTMA on AXLES 
 Load weight?
 Packages weight?
2. Load distribution 
Regardless of the conditions, it is forbidden to OVERLOAD the vehicles !!

Overloading leads to:
increasing the height of the center of gravity of the load
 change of driving performance
 increased inertia force
 increased fuel consumption
 premature deterioration / wear of the infrastructure ( Penalties
................ ! )
 
If the center of gravity is at a big height relative to the ground,

there is the danger of TURNOVER !!!
HGR 69 – art.4
subpct.30.3
(art.7 , alin.(1) – 4.000
– 6.000 lei, OT/ICP)



HGR 69 – art.4
subpct.30.3
(art.7 , alin.(1) – 4.000


LOAD CENTERING / SIMMETRY = VEHICLE BALANCE / STABILITY!
HGR 69 – art.4
subpct.30.3
  (art.7 , alin.(1) – 4.000
LOAD CENTERING / SIMMETRY = VEHICLE BALANCE / STABILITY

24 0,0 m
20 0,8 m
16 1,5 m
12
2 3 2,8 m
8 1 11 1 5,5 m
4 2 2 3 3
0


  
(min.20% MTMA) (min.15-25% MTMA)
 EUR Rehabilitated: (10 t +) 11,5 t 24 t (=45,5 t) 40 t

 European: (10 t +) 10 t 22 t (=42 t) 40 t
5,5 t
 Upgrated: ( 8 t +) 9t 20 t
(=37 t) 40 t
2,0 t
 Graveled: (7,5 t +) 8t 18 t
(=33,5 t) 3,0 t
38 t
4,5 t
24 0,0 m
20 0,8 m
16 1,5 m
12
2 3 2,8 m
8 1 11 1 5,5 m
4 2 2 3 3
0


  
(min.20% MTMA) (min.15-25% MTMA)
 EUR Rehabilitated: (10 t +) 11,5 t 24 t 40 t
(=45,5 t)
 European (10 t +) 10 t 22 t
(=42 t) 40 t 5,5 t
 Upgraded ( 8 t +) 9t 20 t
(=37 t) 40 t 2,0 t
 Graveled (7,5 t +) 8t (=33,5 t) 38 t 3,0 t
18 t
4,5 t
3. Securing methods
3. Securing methods
 BLOCKING
 STOWING/SECURING.
BLOCKING = RIGID INSURANCE (only) in the locking direction (front / rear / side).
SECURING METHODS:
 TOP OVER lashing/FRICTION, made by tightening the load

on the platform surface;
 DIRECT/SPRING lashing, made by BINDING the load of

platform, which allows only reduced / controlled movements - dependent
of the flexibility of the securing e systems applied.
3. Securing methods  BLOCKING
CAUTION !
Blocking the bottom of a load without
securing is recommended only in case
stable load (when overturning).
3. Securing methods  TOP-OVER/FRICTION lashing
Securing on top of a load

(tightening the load on the platform)
to avoid slipping and overturning
3. Securing methods  TOP-OVER/FRICTION lashing
Tensioning
Force (0,7xSTF)
Vertical
STF force
a a
EFFICIENCY OF TOP-OVER/FRICTION lashing:
M=1t
µD = 0,3 545 526 472 385 273

   daN


Maximum Efficiency: a = 90O ( a > 45O )
3. Securing methods  DIRECT/SPRING lashing
a  vertical angle
in practice, it would be ideal to have them
the value between 20°– 60°
b  horizontal angle
in practice, it would be ideal to have them
the value between 5°– 50°
METHODS of direct lashing:
 INCLINED
 ON DIAGONAL
 IN THE LOOP
 SPRING
3. Securing methods
Geometry
+
Load
securing =
 INCLINED  longitudinal or transverse direction
 On DIAGONAL
 IN THE LOOP
It is a type of inclined securing.

Because the load is not fixed from the securing points
in own anchorage, it MUST be fixed by
at least two pairs of stowage systems.
Blocking devices required in the longitudinal direction
 SPRING
It is a type of DIAGONAL securing.

Because the load has no stowage / anchorage points
on it’s own, it is fastened by a chain attached to the edges.
 SPRING
Alternative A is a less efficient method against tipping over B and C.
3. Securing methods
 Examples of cargo securing arangements for specific goods
PAPER Transport
3. Securing methods
COIL Transport
As an alternative, a wedge bed can be used.
A wedge bed is a construction for a coil with bore

horizontal:
–the wedges on which the coil rests ought to go
over the whole width of the coil;
–there should be a provision to fix the spacing
between the wedges of the wedge bed;
–stable support and free space under the coil;
3. Securing methods
BARRELS Transport
 Binding / compacting the barrels between them, to avoid slipping/overturning!

3. Securing methods
STEEL LAMINATES / CONCRETE PLATES Transport
 The front load is pushed to the front wall. This is how it is done the blocking!
(If it is not possible we use intercalating materials, for ex. pallets)
 Blocking materials are used between the two blocks!
 Sleeves are applied to the straps to protect against damage !
3. Securing methods
PIPES Transport
 The rows are separated, and at the ends block chocks are used!
3. Securing methods
BAGS Transport
 The load is not / will be complete, so it requires blocking in the back!
Chemical fiber lashings - generally used for top-over/friction lashing and for
direct/spring lashing.
Hook with safety device

Label
ADJUSTABLE Part (LGL)
Lashing (LG)
Tensioning device: ratchet mechanism
FIXED Part (LGF)
FIXED Part
1. Load capacity (LC)
LC 2500 daN 2. Standard Tension Force(STF)
SHF 50 daN / STF 300 daN Standard Hand Force (SHF)
PES 100% LG 0,5 m
”Not for
(3)Fabric material(label colour)
lifting” Lenght (LG)
PRODUCĂTOR Name of manufacturer or supplier
xxxxxxxxx
Manufacturer’s code
2019 EN 12195-2
(4) Fabrication year
Number of standard applied
LC, SHF, STF , are expressed in daN
(1 daN = 1 kg)
 only legible marking and LABELING strap will be used!
 A visual INSPECTION is recommended BEFORE and AFTER each use!
 the lashings must be PROTECTED against friction, abrasion and damage from
sharp edges, by using protective sleeves, or protective corners!
 Only the maximum handl force on the label (ex 50daN) should be applied.
No auxiliary means (bars, levers, etc.) will be used!
 Never use lashings if they have knots!
 Label damage should be avoided!
.
Steel chains- used for sharpening loads (steel, concrete, etc.)
and for the transport of machinery (fixed by direct/spring lashing).
CABLES / STORAGE BARS - are used especially in specialized transports.
 NETS / CANVAS - used for the protection / fixation of bulk / divisible goods
.
 Intermediate Blocking Bars made from Aluminum: Generally used in partially

loaded vehicles to prevent movement of the goods in the back
 SLIDING COVERS: Used to increase the frictional force.
CORNERS and protective SLEEVES - to protect the straps, respectively

to protect the goods (by distributing the stowage force).
bags / air cushions
Wheel chocks
Tag washers
Motto : “If you don’t stand

for something you will fall
for anything…”
Checklist 1 : before loading a vehicle
✓ Make sure that the vehicle(s), if applicable, is suitable for transport
of the specified load
✓ Make sure that the load platform and the vehicle’s bodywork are clean,
in good condition and free from defects.
✓ Determine the optimal loading equipment for the intended load
Checklist 1 : before loading a vehicle
✓ Determine the best method(s) to secure the defined load (blocking,

direct lashing, top-over lashing, or combinations of method.
✓ Determine the number and type of lashings and/or chains to best

secure the load.
✓ Determine the number of anti-slip mats and other

securing materials (pallets, edge protectors, etc) to best secure the
load.
Checklist 2 : while loading and securing the load
✓ Load in accordance with the 40t 40t allowed vehicle weight.
✓ Load cargo in accordance with the allowed vehicle axle-load

distribution.
✓ Arrange load and/or its individual units optimally(lighter goods at the top,
heavier on the bottom
✓ Check that the securing equipment and materials are in good condition
and free from defects
✓ Check that the securing equipment and materials display legible and
correct markings.
✓ Check that securing arrangements do not damage the load and

that the load does not damage the securing arrangements.
✓ Load in accordance with the planned unloading sequence.
✓ Avoid unnecessary space between individual load units.
✓ Check that all lashings are affixed to optimum angles.
✓ Check that the securing arrangements distribute the forces exerted

by the load as evenly as possible.
Checklist 3 : during the journey
✓ When appropriate, check the load securing arrangements at periodic

intervals during the journey.
✓ If emergency braking or another abnormal condition occurs during

the journey, check the load at the nearest safe place.
✓ Each time a load unit is unloaded, redistributed, or loaded, adapt and

recheck the load securing arrangement
✓ Drive smoothly and anticipate traffic situations to avoid any sudden

change of direction or heavy braking.
5. Check of cargo securing : DILEMMA
5. Check of cargo securing : friction/top-over lashing
Weight load
Angle
To secure a compact 2 tons package, loaded on a Europalet (μ =

0.25), with lashings dispossed at about 60 degrees, it would
require a minimum of 12 lashings with STF = 300 daN.
5. Check of cargo securing : friction/top-over lashing + blocking
Weight load
Angle
To secure a 2 tons package, compacted and blocked, loaded on a

Europalet (μ = 0.25), with the lashings disposed at about
60 degrees would require 6 straps with STF = 300 daN
5. Check of cargo securing : spring/direct lashing
Weight
load
To secure a loaded metal rake, weighting 2 tons, on a smooth

platform (μ = 0.25), by applying the spring/direct lashing method, 4
straps with LC = 2000 daN would be needed.
DANGER ! DANGER !
(What) WE
 Pack! (OK / )
SLIDING
OVERTURNING
LOSES
ACCELERATION Force
KNOW!  Overpack.! (26%/ )
 Labels/Particularities   Checks,
Placement!
LOADING/
WHAT DO ?
(in curves/corners) DECELERATION Force
0,5 G (at ACCEL./in RAMP)

(DO WE)
Distribution
0,5 G (/)
DECELARATION Force
ACCELERATION Force
(at BRAKING)
(in curves/corners)
    
0,8 G 0,5 G
(80% from the weight of the load) (50% from the weight of the load )
 (What) WE are
ENTRUSTED !
HAVE
Checks/
What
Training
! ! Checks!
SECURING
(WE) ;
SECURING, (/) Pallets Block chocks
Re/Placement(5 cm) 1. Tightening Bar F/B Pillars
Lashings Cushions Pallets 2. Blocking Structure
Snow! Rime!
CP
HOW Do We PROCEED?
Ice! Mud! Sand! By FRICTION 3. Fastening DIRECT
(2n)
Nonskid material Diagonal /Inclined
4. Checking
5. Protection LOOP / Spring
LC     
OK
+
STF
Canvas (Bag/Wrap)

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Load securing for Road Transport

• when objects are in motion, they

• Those forces could be vehicle structure,

Coffee on the move …?

- Would you drive with the lid off?

- How is it secured in the car?

Ensuring that vehicles are

FOR “a good night sleep”

FOR avoiding possible finnes

FOR protecting the goods

If you did not witness the vehicle

1. Load securing regulations

5. Check of cargo securing

The load securing arrangement must be capable of withstanding :

... acceleration of 0.5 x g (gravitational acceleration) of the cargo weight sideways

Regardless of the conditions, it is forbidden to OVERLOAD the vehicles !!

If the center of gravity is at a big height relative to the ground,

LOAD CENTERING / SIMMETRY = VEHICLE BALANCE / STABILITY

 EUR Rehabilitated: (10 t +) 11,5 t 24 t (=45,5 t) 40 t

 TOP OVER lashing/FRICTION, made by tightening the load

 DIRECT/SPRING lashing, made by BINDING the load of

Securing on top of a load

EFFICIENCY OF TOP-OVER/FRICTION lashing:

µD = 0,3 545 526 472 385 273

METHODS of direct lashing:

 INCLINED  longitudinal or transverse direction

It is a type of inclined securing.

It is a type of DIAGONAL securing.

Alternative A is a less efficient method against tipping over B and C.

As an alternative, a wedge bed can be used.

A wedge bed is a construction for a coil with bore

 Binding / compacting the barrels between them, to avoid slipping/overturning!

 The load is not / will be complete, so it requires blocking in the back!

Hook with safety device

FIXED Part (LGF)

LC, SHF, STF , are expressed in daN

CABLES / STORAGE BARS - are used especially in specialized transports.

 Intermediate Blocking Bars made from Aluminum: Generally used in partially

 SLIDING COVERS: Used to increase the frictional force.

CORNERS and protective SLEEVES - to protect the straps, respectively

Motto : “If you don’t stand

Checklist 1 : before loading a vehicle

✓ Make sure that the vehicle(s), if applicable, is suitable for transport

of the specified load

✓ Determine the optimal loading equipment for the intended load

Checklist 1 : before loading a vehicle

✓ Determine the best method(s) to secure the defined load (blocking,

✓ Determine the number and type of lashings and/or chains to best

✓ Determine the number of anti-slip mats and other

Checklist 2 : while loading and securing the load

✓ Load in accordance with the 40t 40t allowed vehicle weight.

✓ Load cargo in accordance with the allowed vehicle axle-load

Checklist 2 : while loading and securing the load

✓ Check that securing arrangements do not damage the load and

Checklist 2 : while loading and securing the load

✓ Load in accordance with the planned unloading sequence.

✓ Avoid unnecessary space between individual load units.

✓ Check that all lashings are affixed to optimum angles.

✓ Check that the securing arrangements distribute the forces exerted

Checklist 3 : during the journey

✓ When appropriate, check the load securing arrangements at periodic

✓ If emergency braking or another abnormal condition occurs during

✓ Each time a load unit is unloaded, redistributed, or loaded, adapt and

✓ Drive smoothly and anticipate traffic situations to avoid any sudden