Basin Analysis

Geol 755: Basin Analysis
Geophysics Week 1
John N. Louie, Presenter
Business Justification
3D Seismic Surveys
Seismic Resolution
Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-
Dimensional Seismic Data, 4th & 6th Editions
 3D seismic has substantially expanded global
energy supply. Amoco development experience:

 3D seismic has substantially reduced the cost of finding energy.
Amoco international exploration increase in present value with 3D:

 3D seismic
has
substantially
reduced the
risk of
exploring for
energy.
 Worldwide
consortium
experience:

 3D seismic has reduced the cost of finding
energy, while dramatically increasing the volume
of reserves found- leading to Asian economic
boom 1999-2007:

 3D seismic has enabled Amoco to more than replace
resources produced, keeping energy prices low:

3D Seismic Surveys
 From Seismological Grand Challenges in Understanding Earth’s Dynamic Systems:
The petroleum industry relies on high-resolution seismic surveying to map oil and gas reservoirs at
depths of up to 7 km. Though costly, 3D seismic yields the detail necessary to image the faults
and complex sedimentary features that can trap energy reserves. This 3D "sonogram" traces
the origin and properties of rock layers and reveals the most likely targets for drilling and
extraction. Using 3D seismic imaging, the industry has cut the number of non-producing "dry"
holes by more than half since 1990.
Taken
Ship image From:
from B.Alistair
DragosetR. (2005),
Brown,and
AAPG Memoir
Western 42, Interpretation
Geophysical. "F3" seismicofdata
Three-
and
Dimensional
analysis from F. Aminzadeh Seismic
and P. Data,
de Groot, 4thVisualization
(2006)/ & 6th Editions
by J. Louie.
3D Seismic Surveys
 Sheriff (1992) addresses many benefits of 3-D
seismic in Reservoir Geophysics; a few
quotations from that volume follow:
 3-D seismic is an extremely powerful delineation tool,
and spectacularly cost-effective, particularly when
well costs are high.
 The success is directly attributable to the better
structural interpretation made possible by the 3-D
survey.
 The greatest impact of 3-D surveys has been the
ability to match platform size, number of well slots,
and production facilities to the more accurately
determined field reserves.
3D Seismic Surveys
 History of oil exploration and reserves in
Campos Basin, from PetroBras:

Resolution of 3D Seismic Surveys
 Factors in horizontal and vertical resolution:

 Wavelength increases with depth, so resolution decreases:

 Separating reflections vertically, in section:

 Horizontal resolution: Fresnel zones in map view

Design of 3D Seismic Surveys
 From Nexus Energy, Schlumberger.

Resolution
of 3D
Seismic
Surveys
 Failure of 2D
(NAZ- Narrow
Azimuth)
surveys-
reflecting
points are not
in 2D section:

 “Marmousi” tank data illustrating 3D advantages:

 “Marmousi” tank data illustrating 3D advantages:

 3D imaging will properly place dipping structures

Resolution of 3D
Seismic Surveys
 3D imaging
achieves
better
continuity
and fewer
seismic
artifacts.

 Proper 3D imaging moves interfering reflections
out of the way of a reservoir reflection:

 3D gives proper dip on sections through salt dome:

 A channel invisible before 3D migration (left) is
clear after 3D imaging (right):

 From Nexus Energy, Schlumberger.

 A geologic hypothesis for the target translates to
design parameters of survey layout: line
spacing, and shot spacing along the lines.

Design of 3D
Seismic Surveys
 The more dip a

target has, the
higher the
frequencies
needed to image it.
 High frequencies =
better resolution.
 High frequencies
are difficult to get.
 A geologic hypothesis for the target translates to
design parameters of survey layout: line
spacing, and shot spacing along the lines.

3D Seismic Data Volumes
 Terminology for sections of seismic data volume:

3D Seismic Data Volumes
 Terminology for sections of seismic data volume:

Seismic Data Amplitudes
 Histogram of seismic amplitudes in data volume:

Seismic Data Amplitudes
 Representation of amplitudes in data volume:


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Geol 755: Basin Analysis

Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-

Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-

Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-

Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-

Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-

Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-

Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-

Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-

Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-

Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-

Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-

Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-

Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-

Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-

Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-

Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-

Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-

Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-

Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-

Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-

Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-

 The more dip a

Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-

Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-

Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-

Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-

Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-

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