Fracture Acidizing

Objective
Fracturing

Proppant Acid

Conductivity by Conductivity by
proppant pack uneven surface in
formation face
Mechanism
Formation

S  Sd  Sc    Sp
Wellbore
Wellbore

rs
Pwf
frac
rw
Pwf

Well centerline
ideal
h
Pwf
real
re Ks Kf

rw
rs
re
Candidate Selection
• Carbonate formations
• Very damaged wells
• Post treatment performance
• Short fractures: permeability
• Placement in naturally fractured carbonate
formations
• Closure stress
• Temperature
The Gray Zone
1 < permeability < 10 md
soft rock (chalks)
70 to 85% acid solubility
high porosity (>30%)
nearby oil/gas/water contact
requires specialty core testing

• RESULTS
• FRACPRO
• C-MAP
• STIMWIN
• AcidXpert Log
• Specialty core testing
Design Considerations
Treating Fluids- Stages

• Acid alone injected

• High leak off
• Limited width
• Short fractures
• Pad followed by acid
• Non reactive viscous fluid
• Longer fracture
• “Control” fluid leak off
Design Considerations
Acid penetration

Reactive acid in fracture length

Controlled by:
• Acid fluid loss rate
• Fracture width
• Injection rate
• Fluid temperature in the fracture (Cool down)
• Formation type
• Acid system
Design Considerations
Economic analysis
Optimal

NPV
TREATMENT COST
Lf = 500
CUM. GAS

Lf = 300 FRACTURE
HALF-LENGTH
Lf = 100
FRACTURE 3
Unstimulated HALF-LENGTH

TIME 2

1
Design Considerations

KW
Design Considerations
Dimensionless conductivity

wkf wkf
F CD = or Cr =
kLf kL

wk
f = Fracture Conductivity, md-ft
k = Formation Permeability, md

L f = Fracture Half-Length, ft

For FCD > 30 or Cr > 10, Lf is infinite conductive

- No Significant Pressure Drop in Fracture
- Value of 1.6 or larger generally sufficient
Design Considerations

Doubling proppant bed= Double conductivity

Doubling witdh of etched acid = 8 times
conductivity
Conductivity
Acid [ ]

T°
Xf

Why on
earth?
Kw

Xf Near wellbore
conductivity
Conductivity Profile

 Parameters:
Kw

• Acid concentration
• Temperature
Xf
• Fracture width
• Rock embedment
• Mineralogy
Processes

Kinetics Mass Transfer

Processes
Kg (C  Cw)  kCw
n

C Bulk acid concentration

Kg Mass transfer coefficient
Cw Wall acid concentration
k Reaction rate
n Reaction order
k  k 0ew Ea/RT

K0 Pre exponential factor

Ea Activation Energy
R Gas Constant
T absolute Temperature
The Painting Analogy
Mass transfer

Rx Kinetics

• At low temperatures: kinetic limited

• At high temperatures: mass transfer limited
Fracture Profile
Solid Mechanics

Fluid dynamics

• Fracture Mechanics • Reaction Kinetic

• Leak Off • Mass transfer

The three Fundamentals
• Proper Reactivity Control
• Polymeric gels
• Surfactants & foams
• Emulsions
• Fluid loss control
• Viscosify acid
• Solids
• Conductivity generation
• Acid volume
 •Placement
Techniques
•FracPro PT
•Carbonate 20- 20

NOT