Reduced relative clauses

To present participle and past participle

Basic principles for making reduced relative clauses
1. We can only make reduced relative clauses when the relative
pronoun is the subject of the relative clause

That woman who is talking to my wife is our local Member of Parliament.

That woman talking to my wife is our local Member of Parliament.

That woman who my wife is talking to is our local Member of Parliament.

That woman my wife talking to is ...

Basic principles for making reduced relative clauses
1. We can only make reduced relative clauses when the relative
pronoun is the subject of the relative clause

The man who works at VNG lives in Seattle.

The man working at VNG lives in Seattle.

I gave a book which was written by Hemingway to Mary last week.

I gave a book written by Hemingway to Mary last week.

Basic principles for making reduced relative clauses
1. We can only make reduced relative clauses when the relative
pronoun is the subject of the relative clause

I met Jeff last week, whom you know from the office.

I met Jeff last week, you knowing from the office.

The boy that you are looking for is heading South.

The boy looking for is heading South

Basic principles for making reduced relative clauses
1. Active tenses are replaced with a present participle (-ing form)

• Anyone wanting a ticket for the Final see me.

(who wants - present simple)

• The train now arriving at Platform 3 is the 4.20 to Paddington

(which is now arriving - present continuous)

• Teams completing the first round go into the quarter-finals.

(which have completed - present perfect)

• People arriving late were not allowed in until the interval.

(who arrived - past simple)

Basic principles for making reduced relative clauses
1. Active tenses are replaced with a present participle (-ing form)

• Who was the girl who bought the red dress?

Who was the girl buying the red dress?

• I thought the man who was walking down the street was my neighbour.

I thought the man walking down the street was my neighbour

• The Tonight Show, which airs on Wednesdays, will host a variety of guests.

The Tonight Show, airing on Wednesdays, will host a variety of guests.

Basic principles for making reduced relative clauses
2. Passive tenses are replaced by the past participle (-ed forms) and
being + past participle.
• The student chosen as winner will get a prize.
(that is chosen - present simple)

• The progress made yesterday will give us a head start.

(which was made - past simple)

• None of the models inspected so far have passed the test.

(that have been inspected) - present perfect

• The saplings being planted today will one day grow into huge trees.
(which are being planted - present continuous)
 Basic principles for making reduced relative clauses
2. Passive tenses are replaced by the past participle (-ed forms) and
being + past participle.
• We read the email that had been sent by the manager

We read the email sent by the manager

• The car which was purchased in Seattle was a vintage Mustang.

The car purchased in Seattle was a vintage Mustang.

• The car which was being driven by the young man crashed into a tree.

The car which being driven by the young man crashed into a tree.