SETS

Sets – is any collection of

m into a whole of definite,
distinct objects m.
Example:
 A is a set of integers
between -10 and 10
 B is a set of prime
numbers greater than 10
 Methods of Describing Sets
1.Verbal of Word
description
Used sentence to
describe sets
Example:
Set A is the set of one-
digit prime numbers.
2. Roster or Listing
The elements are listed
down, separated from
each other by commas
and enclosed within a
pair of braces
Example: A = {2, 3, 5, 7}
3. Set Builder Notation or Rule
Method
 A variable or symbol is used to
represent each element of the given
set. The variable followed by a slash
symbol or vertical line and a
description, are enclosed within a
pair of braces. The description states
the property that each element must
hvae to belong to the set.
Example:
A = {x /x is a one digi prime number}
 Cardinality – the number of
elements in a set
Example: N = {a, e, i, o, u}
has a cardinality of 5.
 Null Set or Empty Set - A
set with no elements
Example: The set of four sided
triangle
 Infinite and Finite Set
- Infinite set contain infinite cardinality
while finite set has finite number of
elements.
Example: Inifinite – Set of whole
numbers
Finite – Set of vowels

 Singleton Set
- A set with one element
Example: Set A is a set of even prime
number
 Universals Sets
- Is a set which contains the
elements of all sets being
considered in a certain discussion.
Example:
A = {1,3,5,..}, B={0,2,4,...} and
the possible universal set would
be the set of whole numbers.
 Set Relationships
 Equal Sets
- Two sets with exactly the same
elements (A=B)
 Equivalent Sets
- Have the same cardinality
Example:
A = {x/x is a one digit odd numbers}
B = {x/x is a vowel in the English
alphabet}
 Subset
- Set A is a subset of Set B if every
element of A is an element of B.
Example:
A = {1,2,3,4}
B = {1,2,3}
C = {3,4,5}
B is a subset of A while C is not a
subset of A.
 Proper Subset
- Set B is a proper subset of A
if B is a subset of A and B is
not equal to A.
 Improper Subset
- Set B is a improper subset of
A if B is a subset of A and B is
equal to A.
 Superset
- Set A is a superset of B, if and only
if, all the eleme nts contained in B
are also contained in A.
 Power Set
- Set of all subsets of S. The power
set can be written as P(S).
Example:
Set S = {a, b, c}
P(S) = {Ø, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a,b},
{a,c}, {b,c}, {a,b,c}}
 Joint Sets
- Sets that have elements in common
Example:
Set A is a set of even number
Set B is a set of prime number less
than 10
 Disjoint Sets
- Sets that have no elements in
common
Example:
Set A is a set of odd numbers
Set B is a set of even numbers
 SETS OPERATION
 Set Union
- The union of two sets A and B is
the set of all elements which
belong to either A or B or both.
This is denoted in symbols as A ∪
B.
Example:
A = {3,6,9} B = {1,2,3,4,6,12}
A ∪ B = {1,2,3,4,6,9,12}
 Set Intersection
- The intersection of two sets A
and B is the set of all elements
which belong to both A and B
- In symbols, A ∩ B.
Example:
A = {3,6,9} B = {1,2,3,4,6,12}
A ∩ B = {3,6,}
 Set Complement
- The complement of a set A in a
given universal set U is the set of
all elements that are in U but not in
A.
- In symbol as A’ and read as “A
complement” or “A prime”
Example:
A = {3,6,9} U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
A’ = {1,2,4,5,7,8}
 Set difference
- The set difference of a set A and
a set B are the elements of A
which are not in B.
- In symbols, A – B.
Example: A = {1,2,3,4,6,9,12}
B = {3,6,9}
A – B = {1,2,4,12}
 VENN DIAGRAM
- This method is named after
the English mathematician
and logician, John Venn
(1834-1923)
- In venn diagram, the
rectangle represent the
universal sets and the circle
represents the subsets.
Problem Solving Using Venn
Diagram.

Example 1:
In a class of 20 boys, 14
like Pepsi and 9 like Coke.
If 5 like both, then how
many do not like any?
Example 2:
The P. E teacher conducted a syrvey to
gather information as to the favorite sports
of the freshmen students. The following data
came up after 80 students were interviewed:
 40 liked basketball
 30 liked volleyball
 30 liked football
 12 liked both basketball and volleyball
 9 liked both volleyball and football
 11 liked both football and basketball
 4 liked all three sports