Unit 2 : Drainage

Topics

 Principles of drainage, surface drainage, shape and sizes of

drains and sewers, storm water over flow chambers, methods
of laying and construction of sewers.

Traps – shapes, sizes, types, materials and function,

Inspection chambers - sizes and construction,

 Ventilation
of House drainage: Anti siphonage pipe, system of plumbing -
single stack , one pipe system, one pipe partially ventilating
system and two pipe system, grey water recycling and dual
plumbing

Types of fixtures and materials: Sinks, shower tray, shower

temple, bath tub, Jacuzzi, water closets, flushing
cisterns, urinals, sinks , wash basins, bidet, etc.
Design of Septic tank, Oxidation pond, Dispersion trench and soak
pits. Arrangements of fixtures in a bathroom.

Treatment system- Root zone treatment system, Decentralized

Wastewater Treatment Systems (DEWATS), Soil Bio technology,
packaged Bio-Reactor System.
 Definition of terms

Wastewater: Water when used for different

purpose like domestic commercial,
industrial etc., receives impurities and
become wastewater. Thus wastewater is
used water and it has physical, chemical,
and biological Impurities in it, wastewater
is a general term.

Sewage: The waste water coming from

W.C. and containing human excreta is
known as sewage.

Sullage: The Wastewater coming from

bathrooms and kitchens which does not
contain fecal matter is known as sullage.

Plumbing System: It is entire system of

pipe line for providing water supply to the
building or it is a system of pipes for
disposal of wastewater from the building.
 Definition of terms

Sewer: A pipe carrying sewage/

wastewater is called sewer.

Soil Pipe: It is pipe carrying sewage from W.C.

Waste Pipe: It is a pipe carrying sulluge

from bathrooms, kitchens, sinks, wash
basins, etc.

Sewerage System: A system of sewers of

different types and sizes in a town
collecting wastewater from the town and
carrying it to the wastewater treatment
plant

Manhole: These are RCC/ Masonary

chambers constructed at suitable intervals
along sewer lines.
Traps: Traps are defined as fittings at the
end of soil pipes of waste pipes to prevent
foul gases coming out of the soil pipe/
waste pipe.
 Principals of drainage

1. House Drainage should be preferable laid by side of the building to facilitate

easy repair and better maintenance.

2. House sewer joints should be leak proof because leekage if any shall create
an odour problem and leaked wastewater shall infilterate in the ground and
shall reduce bearing capacity of soil below foundation, which is not desirable.
 Principals of drainage

3. The sewage or sullage should flow under the force of gravity.

4. The house sewer should always be straight.

5. The entire system should be well ventilated from start to the end.

6. The house sewer should be connected to the manhole such that the invert
level is sufficiently higher to avoid back flow of sewage in house sewer.
 Principals of drainage

A gradient may be defined as fall divided by distance.

GRADIENT = FALL / DISTANCE

For example is a 24 metre section of drainage pipe has a fall of 0.30 metres,
calculate the gradient.

Gradient = 0.30 / 24

Gradient = 0.0125
 Gradient = 1 / 0.0125 = 80

Gradient = 1 in 80

Gradients from 1 in 40 to 1 in 110 will normally give adequate flow velocities.

A gradient of 1 in 80 is suitable for commencing calculations for pipe schemes.

7. Where ever there is change in direction of sewer line in the premises, provide
inspection chamber at the junction.

8. Rain water from roofs or open courtyards should not be allowed to flow through
the house sewers.
 Principles of surface drainage

 The roofs of the building shall be so constructed or frame as to permit

effectual drainage of rain water There from by means of a sufficient
number of rain water pipes of adequate size so arranged, jointed and
fixed as to ensure that the rain water is carried away from the building
without causing dampness in any part of the walls or foundations of the
building or those of an adjacent building.

 The rain water pipes shall be fixed to the outside of the external walls of
the building or in recesses or chases cut or formed in such external wall or
in such other manner as may be approved by the authority.

 The rainwater shall directly be drained to surface drain but in no case

shall it discharge directly into any closed drain.

 Whenever it is not possible to discharge a rain water pipe to a surface

drain or in a street drain within 30m from the boundary of the premises,
such rain water pipes shall discharge into a gully trap which shall be
connected with the street drain for storm water.
 Principles of surface drainage

 A rain water pipe shall not discharge into or connect with any soil pipe or
its ventilating pipe or any waste pipe.

 Rain water pipe shall be constructed of cast iron, asbestos cement,

galvanized sheet or other equally suitable material and shall be securely
fixed.

 Rain water pipes shall be normally sized on the roof area. A bell mouth
inlet at the roof surface is found to give better drainage effect, provided
proper slopes are given to the roof surface. The spacing of pipes depends
on the position of the windows and arch openings, but 6m apart is the
convenient distance.
 Shape and sizes of sewers

TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS OF SEWERS

1. Rectangular
2. Circular
3. Semi-elliptical
4. Horseshoe
5. Egg-shaped

The bottom portion is narrower and carries

small discharges during monsoon and
combined sewage is carried through the full
section
 Shape and sizes of sewers

 This type of sewer is suitable for carrying

combined flow. The main advantage of this type
of sewer is that it gives slightly higher velocity
during low flow than a circular sewer of the same
capacity. But construction of this section is difficult
and less stable than circular section.

 Inverted egg-shaped sewer gives better stability

and carries heavy discharges.
 Shape and sizes of sewers

This type of sewers are used for the

construction in tunnel to carry heavy discharges.

This is also suitable when the available

headroom for the construction of sewer is
limited.

The invert of the sewer may be flat,

circular or paraboloid and top is
semicircular with sides vertical or inclined
 Shape and sizes of sewers

 This type of sewers are suitable for

carrying comparatively small quantities of
sewage and economical in construction.

The invert of sewer may be flat or parabolic and

upper arch of the sewer takes the form of parabola
 Shape and sizes of sewers

 The rectangular or box type section of

sewer is stable and it is easy to construct.

 It is some times used as a storage tank,

when it becomes necessary to store the
sewage for some period.

 This type of sewers are suitable for

constructing large sewers with less
available headroom and it posses better
hydraulic properties
 Shape and sizes of sewers

 This type of the section is suitable to carry heavy

discharges and adopted for soft soil, as it is more
stable.
 The dia of sewer may be more than 1.8m
and posses good hydraulic properties
except at low depths

 The shape of this section is the true

shape of letter as shown Or small trench of
U shape can be setup in the larger section
of sewer as shown. The trench is known as
the cunette and adopted for a combined
sewer having predominant flow of storm
water.
 Shape and sizes of drains

Rectangular surface drains

These drains are suitable for carrying heavy discharge.

They however do not develop the required velocity when depth of

flow is small and they get easily deposited.

Semicircular surface drains

These are suitable for streets where the discharge to be
accommodated is of small quantity.

These drains are readymade semi-circular sections of stoneware or

concrete or asbestos cement pipes.
 Shape and sizes of drains

U shaped surface drains

These drains are easy to construct and they combine the advantages of
semi-circular drains and rectangular surface drains.

V shaped surface drains

These drains posses better hydraulic properties but they are difficult
to construct.
These drains will carry fluctuating discharge without depositing solids
at any point and capable of producing a good velocity.
 Storm water over flow chambers
(Regulators)

Regulators

 The structures constructed to divert part of sewage in the case of

combined sewers are known as the storm water regulators.

 The main object of providing a storm water regulator is to divert

the excess storm water to the natural stream or river. The excess
sewage will be mainly composed of storm water and it will therefore
be not foul in nature and hence decrease in load on the treatment
units or pumping stations.
 Leaping weir

 When discharge is small, the sewage directly

falls into the intercepting sewer but in case of
excess sewage, all or part of the storm water
leaps across the openings and is thus diverted
from intercepting sewer.

 The excess of storm water is then carried to

natural stream or river.

 Intercepting sewer runs at right angle to

combined sewer.
 Overflow weir

 The excess sewage is allowed to

overflow in the channel made in the
manhole as shown and conveyed to the
storm water sewer or channel.

 In order to prevent the escape of floating

matter from the combined sewer channel,
adjustable plates are provided.

Siphon spillway

 The arrangement of diverting excess

sewage from the combined sewer by the
syphonic action is most effective because it
operates on automatically and requires
least maintenance.
 Methods of laying and construction of sewers

The construction of sewer consists of the

following works

a) Marking center lines of sewers.

b) Excavation of trenches.
c) Checking the gradient.
d) Preparation of bedding.
e) Laying of sewers.
f) Jointing.
g) Back filling.
Methods of laying and construction of sewers
 Traps

Depending upon the shape-the commonly used traps are P-trap, Q-trap
and S-trap, named after the letters they resemble
 Traps

Based on the Use, the Traps are classified as:

• Floor Traps (Nahni Trap)

• Gully Traps
• Intercepting Traps

Floor Traps (Nahni Trap)

Floor Trap (Nahni Trap): This trap is generally used to admit

sullage from the floors of rooms, bathrooms, kitchen etc. in to the
sullage pipe. This is provided with cast iron or stainless steel or
galvanised gratings (Jallis) at its top so that the entry of larger
matter is prevented thereby chances of blockage are reduced. A
commonly used name of trap is Nahni Trap. The figure of floor trap
(Nahni Trap) is shown below.
 Floor Traps (Nahni Trap)

Gully Traps

o The gulley trap is usually situated near the external face of the wall.

o It disconnects the waste water flowing from kitchen, bathroom,

wash-basin and floors from the main drainage system
oThis is a deep seal trap forming a barrier for preventing the foul
gases from house drain to the inside of the building.
 Gully Traps

o It is made of cast iron or glazed stoneware.

o Grating is provided on top to retain all

solid matter.
o The water seal of about 60 to 70 mm is
provided in the gulley trap.
 Intercepting Traps

Intercepting Traps: Intercepting traps is provided at junction of a

house sewer and muncipal sewer for preventing entry of foul gases of
municipal sewer in to the house drainage system.

o Intercepting trap is provided in the manhole as shown in the

following figure.
 Intercepting Traps

Advantages
 Foul Gases of larger municipal sewers are prevented from entering
house drainage system.

 Harmful pathogens are not entered in house drains.

 Well designed and constructed interceptors can quickly remove foul

matter of house drain to municipal sewers.
 Grease Traps

 These type of traps are used in large hotels restaurants or

industries where large quantity of oils waste is generated. If the oily or
greasy matter is not separated it will stick to the building drainage
system resulting in formation of scum and consequent hindrance in
aeration.

 A grease trap is either a masonry or cast iron chamber with a bent

pipe or Tee pipe at the outlet.

 There is sudden increase in area of flow at the inlet and hence the
velocity of flow is reduced which results in seperation of oil and grease
from wastewater. The oil and grease floats on the surface and should
be removed periodically. A separate outlet pipe for oil and grease
removal can be installed with a valve to stop the flow after complete
removal of oil or grease from the top suface.
Grease Traps
 Ventilation of house drainage

 In house drainage system pipes may be designated depending upon the

function as shown below.

 Soil Pipe: A pipe carrying human extracta.

 Waste Pipe: A pipe carrying sullage.

 Vent Pipe: It is a pipe installed to provide flow of air to or from the drainage
system or to provide circulation of air in the drainage system to protect the
water seal of traps against siponage and backflow.

 Antisiponage Pipe: It is the pipe which is installed to preserve the water seal
in the trap through proper ventilation.

 Rain water Pipe: A pipe carrying only rain water is called rain water pipe.
 Sizes of Various Pipes

Type Size (mm)

Soil Pipe 100

Waste Pipe (horizontal) 30 To 50

Waste Pipe (Vertical) 75

Vent Pipe 50

Rain water pipe 75

Antisiponage pipe 50
System of Plumbing for House
Drainage
There are four plumbing systems for house drainage

Single Stack System

One pipe system

Single Stack Partially Ventilated System

Two Pipe system

 Single stack system

 From the figure it is clear that only single pipe acts as soil pipe
waste pipe and ventilation pipe.

 This is poorly ventilated system

 It is simple system and easy to construct.

 Risk of water seal breaking in the trap is high because of induced

siponage.

 Waste or air of the waste pipe may be forced up due to back

pressure.
 One pipe system
 A Separate vent pipe is provided in this system. It is clear from the
study of sketch that in comparison to single stack system:

 This system is costly and difficult to construct

 Ventilation is provided to sullage pipe and soil pipe too.

 Arrangement of pipe work is difficult.

One pipe system
 Single stack partially ventilated system

 Following are the features of this system.

 Only water closet traps are ventilated.

 Traps of baths, washbasins and kitchen are not joined with vent pipe.

 This is economical system.

 It is required to maintain water seal of 75 mm or more.

 It has simple arrangement of pipe.

 Two pipe system

 Following are the features of this system.

 Water closets, bath traps, kitchen traps and wash basin traps all
are connected to vent pipes.

 Separate soil pipe and waste pipes are provided.

 Two vent pipes are provided.

 It is efficient system but costlier than other systems.

 There are four stakes in this system

Two pipe system
 Anti siphonage pipe
 Water seals of traps in multi storied building may some times
get broken due to siphonic action.

 When wastewater is suddenly discharged from a sanitary fixture

on the upper floor, it moves rapidly through the soil (waste) pipe,
it may suck some air from the lateral pipe connecting the soil pipe
with fixtures at lower floor.

 This sucked air causes siphonic action, resulting in the flow of

water from the trap of the fixture to the soil pipe and thus
breaking its water seal.

To overcome this difficulty, a separate pipe of smaller diameter is

attached to the traps, which connects the trap to the vent pipe.
This pipe is known as anti-siphonage pipe and it supplies air to
the short branch pipe of the lower fixture, at the time of suction,
otherwise it acts as a vent pipe of the lower fixtures. This pipe
normally serve as vent pipe and as anti-siphonage pipe in case
suction takes place.
 Dual plumbing system

 Dual distribution systems involve the use of water supplies from two
different sources in two separate distribution networks.

 The two systems work independently of each other within the same
service area.

 Dual distribution systems are usually used to supply potable water

through one distribution network and non-potable water through the
other.

 The systems would be used to augment public water supplies by

providing untreated, or poorly treated, water for purposes other than
drinking. Such purposes could include fire-fighting, sanitary flushing,
street cleaning, or irrigation of ornamental gardens or lawns.
 Grey water recycling system

Introduction:

Grey water is specifically waste water.

 That is water from bath, dish, and laundry water excluding toilet wastes and
free of Garbage-grinder residues.

 Grey water can be a valuable resource which horticultural and agricultural

growers as well as home gardeners can benefit from.

Composition of grey water

 Grey water from bathroom:

Water used in hand washing and bathing generates around 50-60% of total
grey water and is considered to be the least contaminated type of grey
water.
 Grey water recycling system

 Grey water from cloth washing

Water used in cloth washing generates around 25-35% of total grey water.

Grey water generated due to cloth washing can have faecal contamination with
the associated pathogens and parasites such as bacteria.

 Grey water from kitchen

Kitchen grey water contributes about 10% of the total grey water volume.

It is contaminated with food particles, oils, fats and other wastes. It readily
promotes and supports the growth of micro-organisms.

Kitchen grey water also contains chemical pollutants such as detergents and
cleaning agents which are alkaline in nature and contain various chemicals.
 Grey water treatment options

 Manual bucketing of water

 Primary treatment that filters oils, grease and solids from grey water
before irrigation via small trench.

 Secondary treatment that treat and disinfect grey water to high standard
before using for irrigation.
Components of grey water treatment system
Unit of treatment system Removal
Screen Floating matter
Junction chamber Odour, some of settable solids
Equalization tank Settle able solids
Horizontal roughing filter Turbidity, suspended solids
Slow sand filter Color, bacteria, suspended
solids
Disinfection Bacteria, odour
 Types of fixtures and materials

Wash basins

 A wash-basin is used for washing

hands, face, etc. It is available in
various patterns and sizes; Normally
oval shaped bowl type wash-basin
with overflow slot Is used In houses.

 The wash-basin is normally

mounted on angle Irons fixed on the
wall. the wash basin is provided with
two taps--cold water and hot water.
 The drainage hole is provided
with the metal strainer and is
connected to the waste pipe
either directly or through bottle

Over counter basin

Ovel shaped basin

traps for discharge of waste water

Corner basin
Into the floor trap. The top of
wash basin is kept at 75 to 80 cm
from floor Ievel
 Septic tank

 A septic tank is used to treat sewage from isolated group of country

houses, where a piped sewage system(i.e., a public sewer) is not
available.

 It is a horizontal continuous flow sedimentation tank in which sewage

moves very slowly.

 Septic tank serves two purposes: deposition of settling solids in

sewage by sedimentation, and partial or complete digestion of the
sludge prior to its disposal.

 A septic tank produces septic action by anaerobic bacteria, wherein

proteins, carbohydrates, cellulose and fatty matter present in sewage
are broken to simpler compounds.

 Colloidal matter is flocculated, then liquefied and finally digested.

 A baffle wall with openings is constructed at some distance away

from the inlet.
 Septic tank

The sludge, which is deposited in the bottom is cleaned periodically,

say once in 6 to 12 months. A vent pipe is provided for the escape of
gases.

 The system consists of a water-tight settling tank with one or two

chambers/ compartments, to which waste is carried by water flushing
down a pipe connected to the toilet which usually has a U-trap.

 This system does not dispose of wastes; it only helps to separate the
solid matter from the liquid.

 Some of the solids float on the surface, where they are known as
scum, while others sink to the bottom where they are
broken down by the bacteria to form a deposit called sludge.

 The liquid effluent flowing out of the tank is,from a health point of
view, as dangerous as raw sewage and remains to be disposed off.
 Layout of Septic tank

 The layout for a septic tank sewerage system should be simple and
as direct as possible. The pipes should be laid in straight lines in both
vertical and Horizontal planes as far as possible.

Components of Septic tank

 The septic tank consists of a rectangular or circular underground

chamber built with brick masonry or stone masonry. It should be
plastered inside and outside with 1:4 c.m.

 The floor should be constructed with of 1:10 towards the sludge outlet.

 The septic tank should have a minimum liquid capacity of 1000litres

with a minimum width of 750mm and depth 1000mm.
 Components of Septic tank
 The septic tank consists of a rectangular or circular underground
chamber built with brick masonary orstone masonary.
It should be plastered inside and outside with 1:4 c.m. The floor
should be constructedwith of 1:10 towards the sludge outlet.
 The septic tank should have a minimum liquid capacity of 1000litres
with a minimum width of 750mm and depth 1000mm. A minimum free
board of 300mm should be provided.

The following are the components of septic tank.

(i) Inlet : for tanks of width less than 1200mm, the inlet is T-shaped
dippipe of same diameter as the
incoming drain. The pipe should be fixed inside the tank with top level
extending above slum level and bottom limb extending about 300mm
below top water level. For wider tanks, a baffle wall should be provided
150mm from the inlet of the tank, extending 150mm below the invert of
the inlet pipes and 150mm above the top water level.
 Components of Septic tank

(ii) Outlet : For narrow tanks, T-Pipe if 100mm dia is fixed inside the tank
with the top limb rising above the slum level and the bottom extending to
about 1/3 of the liquid depth.
 The invert of the pipe should be 50mm below the invert of the inlet
pipe. For wider tanks, a weir outlet is provided extending the full
width of thetank, A scum board is fixed 150mm from the weir and
extending 150mm above and 1/3 of liquid depth below the top of
water level. A deflector is provided at the base of the scum board to
prevent particles from reaching the outlet weir.

(iii) Partitions : Where the capacity of the septic tank exceeds

2000litres, the tank is divided into 2 chambers by partition.
Suitable openings are provided in the partition at 300mm below the
tank water level.

(iv) Openings and cover: Each compartment should be provided

with a rectangular or circular openings
with a cover of R.C.C or C.I. The cover should neatly fit the openings
to prevent water entering through it.
 Components of Septic tank
v) Ventilating pipe: Every septic tank should be provided with a
ventilating pipe of dia 50mm.

 The top of pipe should be provided with mosquito prof mesh. The pipe
should extend to a height of 2m when the tank is 20m away from the
building and 2m above the top of building if located closer than 20m.
 Dispersion Trench
 The disposal of effluent of septic tank by soil absorption system is known as
dispersion trench and is suitable when the soil is porous and is capable of
absorbing the effluent.

 The dispersion trench consists of a trench in which open jointed pipes are
laid and surrounded by coarse aggregate media and overlaid by fine
aggregates.

 The effluent gets dispersed through the open joints and is absorbed in the
neighboring soil.

 The dispersion trenches should be 0.5 to 1.0m deep and 0.3 to 1.0m
wide excavated to a slight gradient and shall be provided with 150-250mm
washed gravel or crushed stone

Open jointed pipes open jointed pipes of 75-100mm dia made of unglazed
earthen ware clay or concrete shall be placed inside the trench.
The trench should be covered with about 300mm of ordinary soil to form
a mound and turf grown on it. The finished top surface may be kept at
least 150mm above ground level to prevent direct flooding of the trench
during rains.
Dispersion Trench
 Soak Pit

 The water in the septic tank is not pure, it is called grey water because it still
contains organic materials that need to be filtered out.

 A Soak Pit is a covered, porous-walled chamber that allows water to slowly

soak into the ground.

 Pre-settled effluent from septic tank is discharged to the underground chamber

from where it infiltrates into the surrounding soil.

 As waste-water percolates through the soil from the soak pit , small particles
are filtered out by the soil matrix and organics are digested by micro-organism.

 Soak pit are best suited to soils with good absorptive properties; clay, hard
packed or rocky soils are not appropriate.
 Soak Pit

Soak Pit Schematic

Diagram
A-masonry ring
B-stone or brick aggregate
C-brick chamber
D-30cm thick outer casing
with coarse sand
E-effluent from septic tank

Design
A layer of sand and fine gravel is spread across the bottom to help disperse the
flow. Depth should be between 1.5 and 4m deep, but never less than 1.5m above
the ground water table.
The Soak Pit is filled with coarse rocks and gravel. The rocks and gravel will
prevent the walls from collapsing, but will still provide adequate space for the
waste-water.