Taqleed from different

perspectives

Presented By:
Sarfaraz Ahmed
Muhammad Abbas
Abdul Rauf
Presentation Content

 Introduction of Taqleed

 Taqleed for the Salafis (Ahl e Hadith)

 Taqleed In the Shia perspective.

 Taqleed in the perspective of four school of thoughts of

Sunni Islam.
Taqleed

 In Shariah terms, Taqleed is to deem a

person’s verdict and action to be

necessary, according to the Shariah,

upon another. This is done in the belief

that the former’s verdict and action is a

proof for us as he is a Shariah

Researcher (Muhaqqiq).
Salafi perspective

 Permissible for the Aamee (A layman or a Jaahil).

 “And taqleed is not done to just anyone. Rather, it is done

to one who is acredited with knowledge and piety and is
known to the people for this”.

 It is not for the one who can perform Ijtehad himself.

 Ijtehad can not be possible due to several reasons such as similar

proofs, time constraint, or proofs not being clear to a person.

Prohibited forms of Taqleed

1. Totally turning away from what Allaah has revealed, but rather
being satisfied with the taqleed of ones for-fathers.

2. Doing taqleed of someone when you do not know whether that

person is from those whose saying can be taken.

3. Doing taqleed after the proofs have been established and it

becomes apparent that the evidence contradicts the view of the
one to whom taqleed is done.
Taqleed (Ahle Hadith
perspective)
 Imaam Ahmad bin Hanbal, rahimahullaah, said: "How strange it is
that a people who know the chain of narratiuon of a hadeeth
(isnaad) and its authenticity, yet still they follow the opinion of Sufy
aan [ath-Thawree]; even though Allaah, the Exalted, said:

 Let those beware, who oppose the command of the

Messenger, lest some trial (fitnah) befalls them, or a painful
punishment is inflicted upon them. [Soorah an-Noor 24:63].

 Do you know what the fitnah is? The fitnah is shirk! Since the
rejection of some of his sayings could cause something of deviation
to enter into the heart, and thus be destroyed."
 TAQLEED (SHIA BELIEF)

 According to the Shia belief, after Prophet’s death, the chain of legitimate
successors (the 12 Imams) started. The first of the explicitly appointed
Imam was Ali Ibn Abi Talib (a.s) culminating with the final rightful
successor of the Prophet being our 12th Imam, Al Hujjah Ibn Al Hassan Al
Askari (a.s).
 The 12th Imam was relatively different than that of the previous 11
Imams since he was, by the wisdom of Allah (s.w.t) required to go into two
separate and distinct occultations. His minor occultation lasted around 70
years, during which time he was represented by four Specific
Representatives (Naib-e-Khass) whose duties were to forward questions
on various day to day issues.
 TAQLEED(SHIA BELIEF)

 . It is necessary for a Muslim to believe in the fundamentals of faith with his own insight and
understanding, and he cannot follow anyone in this respect i.e. he cannot accept the word of
another who knows, simply because he has said it.
 It is necessary for the Mujtahid who is followed, to be male, Shia Ithna Asheri, adult, sane, of
legitimate birth, living and just (Adil).
 There are three ways of identifying a Mujtahid, and the A’lam:
 • When a person is certain that a particular person is a Mujtahid, or the most learned one. For
this, he should be a learned person himself, and should possess the capacity to identify a
Mujtahid or an A’lam;
 • When two persons, who are learned and just and possess the capacity to identify a Mujtahid or
the A’lam, confirm that a person is a Mujtahid or an A’lam, provided that two other learned and
just persons do not contradict them. In fact, being a Mujtahid or an A’lam can also be
established by a statement of only one trusted and reliable person;
 • When a number of learned persons who possess the capacity to identify a Mujtahid or an
A’lam, certify that a particular person is a Mujtahid or an A’lam, provided that one is satisfied by
their statement.
TAQLEED(SHIA BELIEF)

 There are four ways of obtaining the verdicts of a Mujtahid:

 • When a man hears from the Mujtahid himself.
 • When the verdict of the Mujtahid is quoted by two just persons.
 • When a man hears the verdict from a person whose statement
satisfies him.
 • By reading the Mujtahid’s book of Masail, provided that, one is
satisfied about the correctness of the book.
Taqleed – Following the Four Imams
 

 “Taqleed is when a person obeys another’s opinion or action after

hearing it without pursuing his proof in the belief that he is amongst the

Shariah Researchers (Ahle- Tahqeeq). (Sharah Mukhtasarul-Manaar)

 The literal definition of Taqleed is ‘to put on a necklace or strap

around the neck’.

WHICH RULES MUST TAQLEED OCCUR IN AND
IN WHICH NOT?

 Taqleed-e-Shar’i has many dimensions to it. Shariah rules (masaail) are of three
types,
 1. Beliefs (Aqaaid).
 2. Those laws which are explicitly (sareeh) proven from the Quran and Hadith
with ijtihaad having no weight on them.
 3. Those laws which have been deduced from the Quran and Hadith using
ijtihaad as well.
 It is not permissible to make Taqleed of any person in Islamic beliefs (aqaaid).
Commentating on “1.20”‫ صصنصصصیبہم غیر منقوص‬Tafseer Roohul-Bayaan states, “If we are
asked as to how we have accepted the Oneness of Allah (‫) عزوجل‬, His Messengers
etc. we cannot say.”Through the rulings of Imam Abu Hanifa RA or “Through
their proofs found in his book, Fiqhe-Akbar,” as Taqleed of any person in Islamic
beliefs is impermissible.”
UPON WHO IS TAQLEED WAAJIB
AND UPON WHO IS IT NOT?
 There are two categories of answerable (mukatlaf) Muslims,
 I. Mujtabid (Ooe who is qualified in ijtihaad) -A person who has so much of
knowledgeable ability and understanding that be is able to understand
Quranic injunctions, the purpese of the kalaam (Divine Scripture) is able to
extract rules from it has complete knowledge over the applicable (naasikh)
and inapplicable (mansookh).
 Exceptional linguistic command over Arabic and is well-versed in all
QurarUc verses and Ahadith of laws. Besides these
 Qualities, he must be intelligent and have a comprehending mind.
 2. Gbair-Mujtabid I Muqallid – A person who has not reached such a level.
Taqleed is Necessary for a Ghair-Mujtahid and is not allowed for a Mujtahid.
PROOFS THAT VERIFY TAQLEED AS
OBLIGATORY (WAAJIB)-=Quran

   
 1.” Guide us on the straight path, trath of those you have favoured.”
 Surah Fatiha, Verse 6-7.
 2. “Allah ‫ل‬
(‫ ) عزوج‬does not burden a person more than his ability.” 1.24b
 Surah Boqarah, Verse 186.
 3. “And Allah ‫ل‬
(‫ ) عزوج‬is pleased with the first and latter migrators (Mubaajireen) and Ansaar
as well as those who follow them in goodness.
 They are also content with Him.”1.24.c
 Surah Tauba. Verse 100
 4. “Follow the path of the person who turned towards Me” 1.24f
 Surah Luqmaan, Verse 15
 5. “And those who submit, “0 our Lord! Grant us the coolness of eyes from our spouses and
children and make us the leaders of the virtuous.” 1.24g
 Surah Furqaan, Verse 74
PROOFS THAT VERIFY TAQLEED AS
OBLIGATORY (WAAJIB)-=Quran

 6. “And why should a congregation from their every group not venture out to attain
the understanding of the deen and return to inspire the people in the hope that they
be saved.” 1.24h
 – Surah Tauba, Verse 122
 7. “ADd if they had to refer it to the Messenger 0 and the people of authority, they
would defmitely know its reality tbrouglt those who have the ability to deduce.”1.24i
 – Surah Nisaa, Verse 83
 8. “That Day on which every congregation will be called with their Imam (Leader).”
I.24J – Surah Bani Israel, Verse 71
  
 9. “When it is said to them to bring Imaan like how these sincere Muslims bave
brougbt Imaan, they say, “Must we bring Imaan like how tbose ignorant people have
brought Imaan?” 1.24k
 – Surah Baqarah, Verse 13
AHADITH REGARDING TAQLEED

 Muslim Sharif states, “Hadrat Tameen Daari (‫ ) رضی صصاتصصصصصصعصصصص ل الیعنہ‬reports that
the Holy Prophet ( ‫عصصصصلیہوسلم‬ ‫ ) صصلص‬has said, ‘The deen is well-wishing.”
‫صصصصصی صص ا‬
When we asked regarding who this is for, he replied, “For Allah (‫) عزوجل‬.
His Book and Rasool ( ‫عصصصصلیہوسلم‬ ‫) صصلص‬, for the Imams of the Muslims and for
‫صصصصصی صص ا‬
the general body of believers.” 1.34 –Vol.I, Pg. 54
 Imam Nawawi (‫ ) رضی صصاتصصصصصصعصصصص ل الیعنہ‬writes in the annotation of the above
hadith, ”This Hadith includes those Imams who are Aalims of the deen.
‘Well-wishing for the Aalims’ means that their narrations of Hadith are to
be accepted, Taqleed in their laws is to be made and they are to be
thought good of.”1.35.
TAQLEED-E-SHAKHSI

 The Holy Prophet ( ‫عصصصصلیہوسلم‬ ‫ ) صصلص‬has said, “While you are agreed upon
‫صصصصصی صص ا‬
obedience to one person, if someone who wishes to break your stick (i.e.
unity) and group comes to you. kill him.”1.36-Mishkaat. KitaabuJ-
Imaarah with ref to Muslim.
 Imams and U1arna of Islam are meant here، because obedience to the
ruler of the time in that which is against the Shariah is impermissible.
 Imam Muslim (‫ ) رضی صصاتصصصصصصعصصصص ل الیعنہ‬has collected a chapter under Kitaabul-
Imaarah and named it as follows, “Obedience to the Leader (Ameer) is
compulsory in that which is not a sin or wrong.”
RATIONAL PROOF

 No person in this world can complete any trade or become established in any field
without following someone else. In skills and knowledge, we have to follow the roles
of the masters and leaders of their respective fields. The affairs of the deen are far
more elaborate than worldly affairs. Hence we have to follow those who are leaders
and masters in this field as well.
 Taqleed can also be found in Ilme-Hadith (The Science of Hadith), e.g. a certain
Hadith is of a weak narration (zaeet) because Imam Bukhari (‫ ) رضی صصاتصصصصصصعصصصص ل الیعنہ‬bas
classified a certain Muhaddith or Narrator (Raawi) to be weak. Accepting his
classification is Taqleed.
 Taqleed further occurs in the Science of Recitation of the Holy Quran, e.g. a verse is
read in a particular manner because a certain Qaari has recited it so. Thus Taqleed
occurs in the ayats and vowel points (i’raab) of the Holy Quran as well.
 When narnaaz is performed in jamaat, the followers make the Taqleed of the imam.
CONCLUSION
 There can be more than one options/opinions on a particular
issue in Quran and Hadith. The Mujtahid can identify and guide
which one should be adopted under any specific circumstances.
Through Qiyas

 Importance of Ijma and Qiyas sources of law deriving their power

from Quran and Hadith.

 Thus following the Qiyas, by those who are competent is not

against the Quran and Hadith

 There are many practical issues which are being addressed by

the Taqleed of the competent persons as no explicit solution
exists in Quran and Sunnah.