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Chapter 3
Prescriptive Process Models
copyright © 1996, 2001, 2005
R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc.
These courseware materials are to be used in conjunction with Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 6/e and are provided with
permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright © 1996, 2001, 2005 1
Prescriptive Models
Prescriptive process models advocate an orderly approach to
software engineering
That leads to a few questions …
If prescriptive process models strive for structure and order, are
they inappropriate for a software world that thrives on change?
Yet, if we reject traditional process models (and the order they
imply) and replace them with something less structured, do we
make it impossible to achieve coordination and coherence in
software work?
These courseware materials are to be used in conjunction with Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 6/e and are provided with
permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright © 1996, 2001, 2005 2
The Waterfall Model
Co m m u n ic a t io n
p ro je c t in it ia t io n Planning
re q u ire m e n t g a t h e rin g estimating Mo d e lin g
scheduling
a na lys is Co n s t ru c t io n
tracking
de s ign De p lo y m e n t
c ode
t es t d e liv e ry
s u p p o rt
f e e dba c k
These courseware materials are to be used in conjunction with Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 6/e and are provided with
permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright © 1996, 2001, 2005 3
The Incremental Model
increment # n
CommunicationPlanning
M
oandaelin g
desliygsnis Construction
cteodset Deploymen
deliv
feed yt
ber
ack
delivery of
increment # 2 nt h increment
CommunicationPlanning
M
adoned
aslielin
ygsnisg Cocnostr uction
tedset Dep
d loym
eliv en
yt
feedber
ack delivery of
increment # 1 2nd increment
CommunicationPlanning
M
adoned
aslielin
ygsnisg Cocnostr uction
tedset Dep
d loym
eliv
feed
en
yt
ber
ack delivery of
1st increment
These courseware materials are to be used in conjunction with Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 6/e and are provided with
permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright © 1996, 2001, 2005 4
The RAD Model
Team # n
Modeling
business modeling
data modeling
process modeling
Construction
Team # 2 component reuse
automatic code
Communication generation
Modeling testing
business modeling
data modeling
process modeling
Planning
Construction De ployme nt
Team # 1 component reuse int egrat ion
automatic code
generation delivery
Mode ling testing feedback
business modeling
dat a modeling
process modeling
Cons truction
component reuse
aut omat ic code
generat ion
t est ing
60 - 90 days
These courseware materials are to be used in conjunction with Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 6/e and are provided with
permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright © 1996, 2001, 2005 5
Evolutionary Models: Prototyping
Quick plan
Quick
Communication plan
communication
MModeling
odeling
Quick design
Quick design
Deployment
Deployment
De live ry&
delivery
& Fe e dback Cons truction
feedback Construction
of
of prototype
prototype
These courseware materials are to be used in conjunction with Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 6/e and are provided with
permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright © 1996, 2001, 2005 6
Evolutionary Models: The Spiral
planning
estimation
scheduling
risk analysis
communication
modeling
analysis
design
start
deployment
construction
delivery
code
feedback test
These courseware materials are to be used in conjunction with Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 6/e and are provided with
permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright © 1996, 2001, 2005 7
Evolutionary Models: Concurrent
none
M o d e lin g a c t iv it y
A w a it in g
changes
U n d e r re v ie w
Un d e r
re v is io n
B a s e lin e d
Don e
These courseware materials are to be used in conjunction with Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 6/e and are provided with
permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright © 1996, 2001, 2005 8
Still Other Process Models
Component based development—the process to apply
when reuse is a development objective
Formal methods—emphasizes the mathematical
specification of requirements
AOSD—provides a process and methodological
approach for defining, specifying, designing, and
constructing aspects
Unified Process—a “use-case driven, architecture-centric,
iterative and incremental” software process closely
aligned with the Unified Modeling Language (UML)
These courseware materials are to be used in conjunction with Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 6/e and are provided with
permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright © 1996, 2001, 2005 9
The Unified Process (UP)
Elaboration
elaboration
Inception
inception
inception
construction
Release
software increment
transition
production
These courseware materials are to be used in conjunction with Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 6/e and are provided with
permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright © 1996, 2001, 2005 10
UP Phases
UP Phases
Inception Elaboration Construction Transition Production
Workflows
Requirements
Analysis
Design
Implementation
Test
Support
Iterations #1 #2 #n-1 #n
These courseware materials are to be used in conjunction with Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 6/e and are provided with
permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright © 1996, 2001, 2005 11
Inception phase
UP Work Products
Elaboration phase
Vision document
Init ial use-case model
Init ial project glossary Construction phase
Use-case model
Init ial business case Supplement ary requirement s
Init ial risk assessment . including non-funct ional Design model Transition phase
Project plan, Analysis model Soft ware component s
phases and it erat ions. Soft ware archit ect ure Int egrat ed soft ware Delivered soft ware increment
Business model, Descript ion. increment Bet a t est report s
if necessary. Execut able archit ect ural Test plan and procedure General user feedback
One or more prot ot ypes prot ot ype. Test cases
Inc e pt i o
n Preliminary design model Support document at ion
Revised risk list user manuals
Project plan including inst allat ion manuals
it erat ion plan descript ion of current
adapt ed workflows increment
milest ones
t echnical work product s
Preliminary user manual
These courseware materials are to be used in conjunction with Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 6/e and are provided with
permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright © 1996, 2001, 2005 12