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LINGUISTIC VARIETIES AND

MULTILINGUAL NATIONS

Over half the world’s population is bilingual and many

people are multilingual. They acquire a number of
languages because they need them for different
purpose in their everyday interaction
LINGUISTIC VARIETIES
Ve r n a c u l a r L a n g u a g e s

Standard Languages

Wo r l d E n g l i s h e s

Lingua Franca

Pidgin

Creoles
VERNACULAR
LANGUAGES
It generally refers to a language which has not been
standardized and which does not have official status.
Vernacular are usually the first language learned by people in
multilingual language communities, and they are often used for
a relatively narrow range of informal functions.

Example : like a children are talking with their friends used

informal language from his places. That is the Vernacular
language that they use.
THREE MAIN
COMPONENTS OF
VERNACULAR
or unstandardized.
■ It refers to the most colloquial variety in the person's linguistic
repertoire.
■ It is used to indicate that a language is used in informal
everyday interactions without implying that it is appropriate.
STANDARD LANGUAGE
Recognized as a prestigious variety or code by a community.
Generally is written, and has undergone some degree of
regularization or codification. Standard language is most useful
and widely used as an official language or the national
language.

Example^ Human in their places use standard language in their

places. Like Indonesia, we used Bahasa Indonesia as Standard
Languages.
WORLD ENGLISHES
Cip*ftdin9 drdt

Oacr circle

Irwer circle
eg USA.
UK
320-MOm.lWon

e g IrxJo.
Singapore
ISO-100 miHoo

e g. Ch<na.
»u%va
100-1000 nWflion
LINGUA FRANC A
A language used for communication between different language
users, for people whose first languages differ.

Example^
■ Academics and experts meet at international conferences or
when politicians arrange summit meetings! English, French,
or Spanish is often used as a lingua franca.
■ Like in Bah, many people want to talk with other people use
Balinese language.
In some countries the most useful and widely used lingua franca
is an official language or the national language.

e.g.
1. Swahili in Tanzania
2. Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea
3. Russian among a hundred different vernaculars
Example of Tok Pisin
Tok English Tok Pisin English
Pisin
Bik Big-large Bikim To enlarge, make
Brait Wide Braitim larger
Daun Low Daunim To make wide,
Nogut Bad Nogutim widen
Pret Afraid Pretim To lower
doti dirty Dotim To spoil, damage
To frighten, scare
PIDGIN
Pidgin is a language that has no native speakers. Pidgins
evolved as a means of communication between people who do
not have the same language.
It grows up among people who do not share a common language
but who want to communicate with each other

Example^ Like People from Saparua talk with someone from

Aboru in the street their pronunciation will be different.
Why Pidgin developed?
Pidgins develop as a means of communication between people
who do not have a common language.

What kind of linguistic structure does a pidgin language have?

Pidgin languages are created from the combined efforts of
people who speak different languages.
All languages involved may contribute to the sounds, the
vocabulary, and the grammatical.

Attitudes
Pidgin languages do not have high status or prestige
A PIDGINLANGUA GE HAS
THREE IDENTIFYING
CHAR A CTERISTICS:
1. It is used in limited domains and functions
2. It has a simpler structure than the source language
3. It generally has a low prestige and attract negative attitude -
especially from outside
CREOLE
A Creole is when a pidgin language is adopted by a community as
its native tongue and children learn it as first language.
According to the Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, a Creole is
“a pidgin which has become the mother tongue of a community,”
ana therefore has native speakers.

Creole also means that a language that begins as a pidgin and

eventually becomes a first language of a speech community through
being learned by children.

Example^
Bahasa Melavu was adopted as Bahasa Persatuan (unifying
language) called Bahasa Indonesia. After being adopted as
Indonesian community, it has been learnt by Indonesian people as
native language. At present, there are native speakers of the
language.
CONCLUSION
■ Vernacular is the language used in daily communication and
most of them are not codified.
■ Standard language are codified. It is an official language.
■ Lingua Franca is a language used for communication between
people whose first language differ.
■ Pidgin is a language that has no native speaker
■ Creole is a pidgin that has gained native speakers.
MEMBER OF GROUP
■ Chlarita
■ Yesayas
■
Anstasya
■ Juan
■ Evaldo
■ Eka
■ Jeje
■ Louisa
 ThmJk you!
Question? Suggestion?