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Licensure Examination
for Teachers
AREA: ENGLISH
COMPETENCIES TO BE
TESTED FOR ENGLISH
O Use English language correctly
O Communicate in English
effectively
O Comprehend written texts
O Interpret messages of and derive
lessons from literary pieces (Focus
of the Review)
“Think BIG , but
start small and
keep going…”
Literature
THE IMPORTANCE OF
LEARNING
LITERATURE
Examples:
Open form News
Made of and close Examples: Reports
dialog and form Myths Journals
set direction Relies on Fables Articles
Designed to imagery, Novels Essays
figurative Textbooks
be Short Stories
language and Biographies
performed sounds Etc.
DRAMA
DEFINITION
Tree
Strong, Tall
Swaying, swinging, sighing
Memories of summer
Oak
FIXED FORM POEMS
O Villanelle - 19 lines long, but only
uses two rhymes, while also
repeating two lines throughout the
poem. The first five stanzas are
triplets, and the last stanza is a
quatrain such that the rhyme
scheme is as follows: "aba aba aba
aba aba abaa.”.
FIXED FORM POEMS
O Villanelle - The tricky part is that
the 1st and 3rd lines from the first
stanza are alternately repeated
such that the 1st line becomes the
last line in the second stanza, and
the 3rd line becomes the last line in
the third stanza.
FIXED FORM POEMS
O Villanelle - The last two lines of the
poem are lines 1 and 3 respectively,
making a rhymed couplet.
Confused? A villanelle needs no
particular meter or line length. It is
terribly obsessive and can bring
out the emotions of any neurotic
writer.
Example of a Villanelle
Do not go gentle into that good night,
“Do Not Old age should burn and rave at close of day;
Go Gentle Rage, rage against the dying of the light.
Into That
Though wise men at their end know dark is right,
Good Because their words had forked no lightning they
Night” Do not go gentle into that good night,
By Dylan Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright
Thomas Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay,
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.
http://www.types-of-poetry.org.uk/examples-of-limericks.htm
Concrete Poetry
Concrete Poetry uses word
arrangement, typeface, color or
other visual effects to
complement or dramatize the
meaning of the words used.
Example of Concrete Poem
Bird #3
by Don J. Carlson
Poe's
raven told
him nothing nevermore
and Vincent's circling
crows were a threat to destroy
sunlight. Now I saw a bird, black with a
yellow
beak, orange rubber legs
pecking to kill the
lawn, storm bird
hates with claw,
evil beak,
s
u
n
and eye
From Wright Flyer Online
Example #2:
by Michael P. Garofalo
Epic Poetry
An Epic Poem is a long story
told in verse which tells the
great deeds of a hero.
Example:
The Odyssey
by Homer
Narrative Poetry
Narrative Poem is a poem
that tells a story.
Example:
T’was the Night Before Christmas
by Clement C. Moore
Verse Fable
Verse Fable is a brief story told
in verse that illustrates a moral
and features human-like
animals, plants, objects, or
forces of nature.
A Boy Cries Wolf
Example:
Once there was a foolish boy
Whose job it was to guard some sheep
In case a hungry wolf might come
To pounce upon them in their sleep.
The owners told him: If a wolf
Should come, be sure to give a cry
So we can come and save the sheep
And give that wolf a swift goodbye.
The foolish boy grew bored one night,
And cried out Wolf! Wolf! just for jokes,
And farmers came from far and wide,
But left disgusted by his hoax.
But then at midnight that boy spied
A savage wolf about to strike,
Wolf! Wolf! he screamed, but no one came
And sheep and shepherd died alike.
da DUM
Meter
Meter is the pattern of
rhythm established for a
verse.
Rhythm
Rhythm is the actual
sound that results from a
line of poetry.
Iambic Pentameter
Iambic Pentameter is a
line of poetry with five
iambic feet in a row This
is the most common
meter in English poetry.
Example:
O Example of Iambic pentameter Literary Term - Excerpt
O Paradise Lost by John Milton: Chapter 1 - Book 1
DEFINITION
KINDS OF PROSE
O PROSE is the ordinary .
form of written language.
o Fiction
O Prose imitates the o Non Fiction
spoken language.
KINDS OF PROSE
FICTION
NON FICTION
Examples:
O Short Stories Examples:
O Legend Report
O Fairy Tales Letters Personal Narrative
O Folk Tales Memoirs
Memoirs
O Novels
O Short Stories Letter
O Fables Article
O Myth Journal
O Etc. Biographies
ELEMENTS OF THE SHORT STORY
The short story emerges from the
writer’s careful manipulation of various
formal elements, which will usually
include:
O Plot (Action and Conflict)
O Characterization
O Setting (Time and Place)
O Point of View
ELEMENTS OF THE SHORT STORY
The short story emerges from the
writer’s careful manipulation of
various formal elements, which will
usually include:
O Tone
O Symbolism
O Theme
O Language
The Plot
The plot is the action or events of a story, arranged
in a meaningful way. There are usually the
following stages in the development of the plot:
1. Contributes to theme
2. Creates atmosphere and tone
3. Helps to unfold the action and conflict
4. Contributes to our understanding of
characters
(The setting may be part of the exposition,
or may be spread throughout the story.)
Point of view
O Omniscient (all-knowing)
O First person narrator
O Dramatic
O Limited third person
Omniscient point of view
O There is an all-knowing presence in the
story who has access to the thoughts of
all the characters.
O This point of view is God-like.
FIRST PERSON NARRATOR
A. Characteristics
1. (--BC to 1564)
2.Based on oral traditions
3.Crude on ideology and
phraseology
Early Filipino literature consists of:
Salawikain
Bugtong
Sayings
Proverbs
Legends
Folk tales
Epic
I.PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
B. Literary Forms
1. Oral Literature
a. Riddles(bugtong)– battle of wits among
participants
b.Proverbs(salawikain)– wise sayings
c.Tanaga- expresses insights and lessons
on life
I.PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
2. Folk Songs
It is a form of folk lyric which
expresses the hopes and aspirations,
the people's lifestyles as well as their
love ones.
These are often repetitive and
sonorous, didactic and naïve.
I.PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
3. Folk Tales
a. Myths – explain how the world was created,
how certain animals possess certain
characteristics, why some places have waterfalls,
volcanoes, mountains, flora or fauna
A. Characteristics
1.(1864 – 1896)
2.Planted seeds of nationalism in Filipinos.
3.Language shifted from Spanish to Tagalog.
4.Addressed the masses instead of the
“intelligentsia”.
III. NATIONALISTIC / PROPAGANDA AND
REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD
B. Literary Forms
1. Propaganda Literature
reformatory in objective.
a. Political Essays – satires,
editorials and news articles were written to
attack and expose the evils of Spanish rule.
b. Political Novels
III. NATIONALISTIC / PROPAGANDA AND
REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD
B. Literary Forms
2. Revolutionary Literature
a. Political Essays – helped
inflame the spirit of revolution.
The
Revolutionary
Period
The period had 2 phases: the
revolution against Spain where writings
were in Tagalog written mostly by
Bonifacio and Jacinto.
The second phase was the revolution
during the Philippine-American War
where serious plays appeared mostly
written by the brains of the
revolutions.
Apolinario Mabini.
Literature during
the American
Regime
Nationalistic spirit flourished
together with mass education
and literature was adopted after
American writers such as Patrick
Henry, Thomas Paine, and
Thomas Jefferson.
In 1900, President Mc Kinley’s
instructions made English the
official language of the country.
In 1901 American teachers arrived
and in the same year, the Philippine
Normal School was founded with
English as medium of instruction.
By 1905, the Philippine Free Press
was published as a bilingual
weekly. In 1908 U.P was founded
to vie with the elite private
schools. By 1930’s Filipino writers
have mastered English writing.
Recognized abroad were Carlos
Bulosan, and Jose Garcia Villa.
The Zobel Prize was founded
in 1921 by Don Enrique
Zobel de Ayala for the best
works in Spanish but it didn’t
last long because of lack of
entries.
IV.AMERICAN COLONIAL
PERIOD
A. Period of Apprenticeship (1910-
1930)
1.Filipino Writers imitated English
and American models.
2.Poems written were amateurish
and mushy, which phrasing and
diction is awkward and artificial.
IV.AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD
B. Period of Emergence
(1920-1930)
1. Highly influenced
by Western literary trends like
Romanticism and Realism.
a. Short Stories most prevalent
literary form.
Vernacular
Literature
The compulsory study of
Tagalog-based national language
in schools, widespread circulation
of Tagalog reading materials,
Tagalog plays aired over the radio
or television made possible the
flourishing of vernacular
literature.
Zarzuela is a musical comedy usually
of three or more acts. Its name was
taken from the lodge where King
Philip IV watched the play. Later on,
Zarzuela was turned into the
vernacular which ended the existence
of comedia. Severino Reyes (Lola
Basyang) wrote Walang Sugat to
prove that zarzuela was a better kind
of play.
JAPANESE
OCCUPATION
V. JAPANESE OCCUPATION
A. War Years (1942-1944)
1. Tagalog poets broke away from the
Balagtas tradition and instead wrote in
simple language and free verse.
2.Fiction prevailed over poetry
a.25 Pinakamabuting Maikling
Kathang Pilipino (1943) – compilation
of the short story contest by
the military government
V. JAPANESE OCCUPATION
B.Period of Maturity and Originality (1945-
1960)
1.Bountiful harvest in poetry, fiction, drama
and essay.
2.Filipino writers mastered English and
familiarized themselves with diverse
techniques.
3.Literary “giants” appeared.
Theater during
the Japanese
Occupation
The Japanese occupation was a great
period for Tagalog Theater. It enjoyed
renaissance for the following reasons:
1) American movies were banned
2) Writing in English was discouraged
3) There was a difficulty in securing
materials for movie making.
Period of
Emergence and
Recognition
The period covers the
commonwealth, Japanese
occupation and the grant of
independence in 1946.The
government through the
Republic Heritage Awards gave
recognition.
The Commonwealth Literary
Awards. Winners were:
Essay: Salvador Lopez
Short Story: Manuel Arguilla
Estrella Alfon
Novel: Juan C. Laya
NVM Gonzales
Poetry: Rafael Zulueta da Costa
Jose Garcia Villa
The reestablishment of
Commonwealth
Government meant the
resumption of publications
such as College journals.
They provided outlets for
young writers.
CONTEMPORARY/MODER
N PERIOD
VI. CONTEMPORARY/MODERN
PERIOD
(1960 – PRESENT)
A. Characteristics
1.Martial Law repressed
and curtailed human rights,
including freedom of the press.
2.Writers used symbolisms and
allegories to drive home their message,
at the face of heavy censorship.
VI. CONTEMPORARY/MODERN
PERIOD
(1960 – PRESENT)
3.Theater was used as a vehicle for
protest, such as the PETA (Phil.
Educational Theater Association)
and UP Theater.
4.From the eighties onwards, writers
continue to show dynamism and
innovation.
Modern Period
From 1960’s novel writers known in
the country were NVM Gonzales,
Celso Carunungan, Francisco Sionil
Jose, Kerima Polatan Tuviera,
Bienvenido Santos. Essayists were
Francisco Arcellana, Renato
Constantino, Ramon Guererro Nakpil,
Alfredo Roces and Leopoldo Yabes.
Period of New
Society
(1972-1980)
The Period of the new society
started on September 21, 1972.
Military government established a
new office called the Ministry of
Public Affairs that supervised the
newspaper, books, and other
publications.
Singing both English and Filipino
songs received fresh incentives.
Iliad (Epic)
Odyssey (Epic)
Cupid by Lucius Apuleius
(Myth)
Oedipus the King
Play
Medea by Euripides
Play
Latin Literature
Aenid by Virgil
Epic Poem
Italian Literature
Divine Comedy
by Dante Alighieri
Epic Poem
Griselda – from Dacameron
by Giovanni Boccacio
Short Story
The Prince by Nicollo
Machiavelli
Novel
Spanish Literature
El Cid (anonymous)
Epic Poem
Don Quixote by Miguel de
Cervantes Saavedra
(novel)
French Literature
Song of Roland
(anonymous)
Epic Poem
Les Miserables
by Victor Hugo
Novel
The Necklace
by Guy de Maupassant
Short Story
Russian Literature
Crime and Punishment by
Fyodor Dostoevsky
Novel
Where Love Is, There God
Is Also by Leo Tolstoy
Short Story
The Lottery Ticket by
Anton Chekhov
Short Story
English Literature
Paradise Lost by John
Milton
Epic Poem
Beowulf (anonymous)
Epic Poem
Shakespearean Sonnets by
William Shakespeare
Christmas Carol
by Charles Dickens
Novel
A Rose for Emily by
William Faulkner
Short Story
Of Studies
by Francis Bacon
Essay
American Literature
Friendship
by Ralph Waldo Emerson
Essay
Syntax for Cynics – A
Grammar of the Feminine
Language by Christopher
Morley
Essay
Scarlet Letter
by Nathaniel Hawthorne
Novel
The Cask of Amontillado
by Edgar Allan Poe
Short Story
The Secret Life of Walter
Mitty by James Thurber
Short Story
The Road Not Taken by
Robert Frost
Poem
African Literature
Things Fall Apart by
Chinua Achebe
Novel
Africa My Africa
by David Diop
Poem
Hebrew Literature
Psalms, Proverbs, and
Judges
Arabic Literature
Arabian Nights
The Story of the Envious
Wezir and the Prince Ghuleh
(Anonymous)
Tale
Indian Literature
Ramayana (anonymous)
Epic Poem
Mahabarata (Anonymous)
Epic Poem
Gitanjali by Rabindranath
Tagore
Poem
Chinese Literature
Analects (teachings) by
Confucious
Realize the Simple Self by
Lao Tzu
Poem
Japanese Literature
November Third by
Miyazawa Kenji
Poem
Other Notable
Masterpieces
The Birds
by Aristophanes
Plato’s Apology, Protagoras,
& The Republic
Aristotle’s Eudemian Ethics,
Metaphysics, & Nicomachean
Ethics
Saint Augustine's Confessions
and The City of God
Giovanni Boccaccio’s The
Decameron
Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury
Tales
Thomas à Kempis’s The
Imitation of Christ
The World’s Greatest
Playwright, William
Shakespeare
Tamburlaine Parts 1 and 2
and Dr. Faustus by
Christopher Marlowe and
Every Man in His Humour
and The Alchemist by Ben
Jonson
Descartes’ Discourse
John Bunyan’ Pilgrim's
Progress and John Dryden’s All
for Love
John Locke’s A Letter
Concerning Toleration,
Spinoza’s Ethics
Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe
Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver's Travels
Thomas Paine’s Rights of Man
Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice
Washington Irving’s Alhambra
The Brothers Grimm’s fairy tales
Sir Walter Scott’s Ivanhoe and
Talisman
James Fenimore Cooper’s The Last
of the Mohicans
Alexandre Dumas’s The Three
Muskeeters, The Count of
Monte Cristo
Charles Darwin’s The Origin of
Species
Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom's Cabin
&
William M. Thackeray’s Vanity Fair
Herman Melville’s Moby Dick
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s
Sherlock Holmes
Charlotte Bronte’s
Jane Eyre
Ivan Turgenev’s Fathers and Sons
Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights
Gustave Flaubert’s
Madame Bovary
Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace,
Anna Karenina
Jules Verne’s Twenty Thousand
Leagues under the Sea
Sir Richard Burton’s Tales from the
Arabian Nights
Lewis Carroll’s Through the
Looking Glass, Alice's
Adventures in Wonderland
Louisa May Alcott’s Little Women
Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn
Guy de Maupassant’s Tales and
The Necklace
Rudyard Kipling’s The Jungle Book
James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as
a Young Man
Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World
John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men
SPEECH AND ORAL
COMMUNICATION
Speech-Producing Mechanism
LL Lips
TT Teeth
TR Alveolar / teeth ridge, convex
part of the mouth, immediately
behind the teeth
H Hard palate, concave part of the
roof of the mouth
S Soft palate in lowered position
U Uvula, the loose hanging end of the
soft palate
P Pharynx
BL Blade of the tongue, including the
tip, the part opposite the teeth ridge
F Front of the tongue, the part
opposite the hard palate
B Back of the tongue, the part opposite
the soft palate
E Epiglottis; this is drawn over the
windpipe when swallowing
W Windpipe
FP Food passage
V Vocal cords or vocal lips
Larynx The upper extremity of
the windpipe (Adam’s apple)
which contains and protects the
vocal cords
The smallest unit of speech sound
is called a phoneme.
One or more phonemes combine
to form a syllable.
One or more syllables combine to
form a word.
Phonemes can be divided into two
groups: vowels and consonants.
Vowels are always voiced. Consonants
may be voiced or unvoiced.
A diphthong is a combination of two
or more vowels into one phoneme.
Consonants may be classified
according to their manner of
articulation as plosive, fricative, nasal,
liquid, and semivowel.
a) A phoneme is the smallest
structural unit in speech that
distinguishes meaning. An
example of a phoneme is the
/t/ sound in the words “tip,”
“stand,” “water,” and “cat.”
b) A syllable is a unit of
organization for a sequence of
speech sounds. These are
considered the phonological
“building blocks” of words. A
word that consists of a single
syllable (like “cat”) is called a
monosyllable.
c) A word is a unit of
language that carries
meaning and consists of one
or more morphemes.
Typically a word will consist
of a root or stem and zero
or more affixes.
morpheme—is the smallest linguistic
unit that has semantic meaning. For
example, the word “unbreakable” has
three morphemes: un- (meaning
“not”), -break-, and -able.
affixes—is a morpheme that is
attached to a root to form a word like
the prefix un- and the suffix –able in
“unbreakable.”
d) A vowel is a sound in spoken
language that is characterized by
an open configuration of the
vocal tract so that there is no
build-up of air pressure above
the glottis. A vowel is also
understood to be syllabic and is
usually voiced.
e) A consonant is a sound
that is characterized by a
constriction or
complete/partial closure at
one or more points along
the vocal tract.
g.) A diphthong is a
monosyllabic vowel
combination involving a quick
but smooth movement or glide
from one vowel to another,
often interpreted by listeners as
a single phoneme.
PLACE
OF
ARTICULATION
Dental consonants
occur when you
block airflow by
placing your tongue
against your upper
teeth.
/θ/ as is "thick" and
"bath"
/ð/ as in "the" and
"rather"
Alveolar consonants
are created when you
raise your tongue to the
alveolar ridge so as to
block airflow.
/n/ as in "no" and
"man"
/t/ as in "tab" and "rat"
/d/ as in "dip" and "bad"
/s/ as in "suit" and "bus"
/z/ as in "zit" and "jazz"
/l/ as in "luck" and "fully"
post-alveolar consonants
are those that occur when
the tongue blocks airflow
at the point just beyond
the alveolar ridge.
/ʃ/ as in "shoot" or
"brash"
/ʒ/ as in "vision" or
"measure"
/tʃ/ as in "chick" or
"match"
/dʒ/ as in "jam" or "badge"
Palatal consonants
when you raise the
tongue to this point
so as to block
airflow.
English has only one
palatal consonant:
@ cat, black
e met, bed
i: see, heat
i hit,
sitting
Back Vowels
a: arm,
father
o: call, four
o hot, rock
u: blue, food
u put, could
Central Vowels
^ cup, luck
.. away,
cinema
e:(r) turn, learn
Diphthongs
ai five, eye
ei say, eight
oi boy, join
i..(r) near, here
e..(r) where, air
u..(r) pure, tourist
Ou go, home
au now, out
Plosives
b bad, lab
p pet, map
t tea,
getting
d did, lady
k cat, back
g give, flag
Fricatives
f find, if
v voice, five
th think,
both
TH this,
mother
Nasals
m man,
lemon
n no, ten
N sing,
finger
Sibilants
s sun, miss
S she, crash
z zoo, lazy
Z pleasure,
vision
h how, hello
Affricates
tS check,
church
dZ just, large
Approximants
r red, try
w wet,
window
j yes, yellow
Laterals
l leg, little
Suprasegmental Phonemes
STRESS
> degree of prominence a syllable
has.
> For individual words, three stress
phonemes are significant.
primary stress, mid stress, weak
stress
PITCH LEVELS
> It is relative.
> combine into patterns to
make meaningful melodies
over the whole phrase or
sentence.
INTONATION
CONTOURS
> Statement or declarative sentence
> Command
> Wh- or information question
> Yes-no question in statement
form
Oral Communication
and
Language Functions
Group Communication