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Block diagram
Transfer Function
Consists of Blocks
Can be reduced
G4
R(s ) Y (s )
G1 G2 G3
H2
H1
R(s ) Y (s )
G
Reduction techniques
1. Combining blocks in cascade or in parallel
G1 G2 G1G2
G1
G1 G2
G2
G G
G
3. Moving a summing point ahead of a block
G G
1
G
G G
1
G
G G
G
6. Eliminating a feedback loop
G
G
1 GH
H
G
G
1 G
H 1
A B B A
Example 1
(a)
G4
R (s ) Y (s )
G1 G2 G3
H2
H1
I
G4
R(s ) B A
Y (s )
G1 G2 G3
H2
H1 G2
Solution:
1. Moving pickoff point A ahead of block G2
H2
H1G2
1 H 2 (GH4 2 G2G3 )
G2 H1
G4 G2G3
Using rule 6
R(s ) G1 (G4 G2G3 ) Y (s )
1 G1G 2 H1 H 2 (G4 G2G3 )
Y ( s) G1 (G4 G2G3 )
T (s)
R( s ) 1 G1G 2 H1 H 2 (G4 G2G3 ) G1 (G4 G2G3 )
(b)
R(s ) Y (s )
G1 G2
H1 H2
H3
Solution:
1. Eliminate loop I
R(s ) A
G2 I
B
Y (s )
G1 G2
H1
1 GH2 H
2
2
H3
G2
2. Moving pickoff point A behind block 1 G2 H 2
R(s ) A G2 B
Y (s )
G1
1 G2 H 2
1 G2 H 2 II
H1 1 G2 H 2
G2 H 3 H1 ( )
G2
H3 Not a feedback loop
3. Eliminate loop II
R(s ) G1G2 Y (s )
1 G2 H 2
H1 (1 G2 H 2 )
H3
G2
Using rule 6
Y (s) G1G2
T (s)
R( s) 1 G2 H 2 G1G2 H 3 G1 H1 G1G2 H1 H 2
(c)
H4
R(s ) Y (s )
G1 G2 G3 G4
H3
H2
H1
Solution:
1. Moving pickoff point A behind block G4
I
H4
R(s ) Y (s )
A B
G1 G2 G3 G4
H3 1
H3 G4 G4
H2 1
H2
G4 G4
H1
2. Eliminate loop I and Simplify
R(s ) II Y (s )
G2G3G4 B
G1
1 G3G4 H 4
H3
G4
H2
G4 III
H1
R(s ) G1G2G3G4 Y (s )
1 G3G4 H 4 G2G3 H 3
H 2 G4 H 1
G4
Using rule 6
Y ( s) G1G2G3G4
T (s)
R( s) 1 G2G3 H 3 G3G4 H 4 G1G2G3 H 2 G1G2G3G4 H1
(d)
H2
R(s ) A Y (s )
G1 G2 G3 B
H1
G4
Solution:
1. Moving pickoff point A behind block G3
I
H2
R(s ) A B Y (s )
G1 G2 G3
1
H1 G3
1
H1 G3
G4
2. Eliminate loop I & Simplify
H2
B
G2 G3 B G2G3
1 H1
H2
H1 G3 G3
II
R(s ) G2G3 Y (s )
G1 1 G2 H1 G2G3 H 2
H1
G3
G4
3. Eliminate loop II
R(s ) G1G2G3 Y (s )
1 G2 H1 G2G3 H 2 G1G2 H1
G4
Y ( s) G1G2G3
T ( s) G4
R( s) 1 G2 H1 G2G3 H 2 G1G2 H1
Example 2
Determine the effect of R and N on Y in the
following diagram
N
G4
R Y
G1 G2
H1
G3
In this linear system, the output Y contains two parts,
one part is related to R and the other is caused by N:
Y Y1 Y2 T1R T2 N
Y1 YN 0 T1R
Y2 YR 0 T2 N
Thus, the output Y is given as follows:
Y Y1 Y2 YN 0 YR0
Solution:
1. Swap the summing points A and B
N
G4
II
R G2 Y
G1
1 G2 H1
B A
G3
3. Let N=0
R G1G2 Y
G1G3
1 G2 H1
G1G2
G1G3
1 G2 H1
G4
M
N Y
G1G2G4 G1G2
G1G3G4 G1G3
1 G2 H1 1 G2 H1
6. Eliminate above loops:
1
G1G2G4
1 G1G3G4 G1G2
N 1 G2 H1 1 G1G3 Y
1 G2 H1
Y Y1 Y2
1
[(G1G2 G1G3 G1G2G3 H1 ) R
1 G2 H1 G1G2 G1G3 G1G2G3 H1
(1 G2 H1 G1G2G4 G1G3G4 G1G2G3G4 H1 ) N ]