DO YOU REMEMBER ??????????

By Ms Siwi
 Look at this sentence:
(Now) she is studying English seriously in the class now
T S V O M P T

S = Subject
V = Verb/ verbal place
O = Object
M = adverb of manner
P = adverb of place
T= adverb of time

S-V-O-M-P-T is one of the common sentence pattern in

English
 EXERCISE 1: Put the following phrases/ words
in the right order!
1. the air quality- everyday- monitor-
carefully- from the building- they
2. discharges- everyday- pollutants- the
factory- to the area
3. must drive- along- we- our car- the narrow
road- carefully
4. for the interview- in the room- waited- I-
nervously- yesterday
5. badly- they- this morning- the meeting-
organized
6. found- I- an- last week- easily- apartment
7. labours- are - they
1. S- V- M- T
2. S- V- O- M
3. S- V- O- P
4. S- V- M- P- T
5. S- V- P- T
6. S- V- O- M- P- T
  is a meaningful group of words having
such a function as a subject, predicate,
object, adverbial or complement. A
complement may complete the meaning of
either a subject or predicate.
“A very beautiful girl has been studying a
new
English book in the classroom
for an hour”.
1.A very beautiful girl= noun phrase as
subject
2.has been reading = verb phrase as
predicate
3. a new English book= noun phrase as
object
4. in the classroom=prepositional phrase as
adverbial of place
5.For an hour = prepositional phrase as
adverbial of time
The words girl, reading, book, in and for in
the above phrases are called key words or
head words.
 Noun phrase: garden flower , flower garden,
big house, lazy students, healthy babies.
 Verb phrase: have occurred
 Prepositional phrase: for coming late
 Adjectival phrase: very big, very good
 Adverbial phrase: very well
 Some new water towers (headword)
1 4 3 2
 A day and night weather observation station(hw)
1 5 4 3 2
 Our city garbage collection service (headword)
5 4 3 2 1

 Five plastic ice cream cups

 The big long stone house
 Old brown leather shoes
 A dark-green lamp shade
 The new love songs
THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE is used to talk
about
 things that happens habitually or repeatedly
-The earth goes round the sun
 facts, or general truths that say the same for
a long time
- I live in Purwokerto
feelings, verbs expressing emotional states
-I like ….. - She wants …..
Mental perceptions
- I think ….. - I know …..
 Is normally used to talk about past events
 It is used for actions completed in the past
at a definite time: I met him yesterday
 The action clearly took place at definite time
in the past even though the time is not
mentioned: I bought this book in Semarang
 It is also used for a past habit:
He always carried umbrella
They never drank wine
 It is formed by using the auxiliary Be + Verb in
the ing form
Siti is writing a
letter
Subject auxiliary BE verb in the ing form DO

when we talk about something which is

happening at the time of speaking :
- Where is Ami? She is studying English
 when we talk about something which is
happening around the time of speaking, but
necessarily exactly at the time of speaking:
Tony and Susy are drinking in a café. Tony says:
I’m reading Harry Potter. I will lend it to you when
I’ve finished it.
 When we talk about a period around the
present ( today, this season, now etc ):
- You are working hard today. Yes, I have a
lot of to do.

 When we talk about changing situation:

- The population of the world is rising very
fast.
 “Shall” ( first person) or “will” ( other persons)
express pure futurity, and is always used
when the futurity depends on external
circumstances, and not on any person’s will or
intension ( note: in some countries, will used
for all persons) : If you go with him, he will
give you some money
 “Going to” does not normally express simple
futurity but colours the futurity with intention
or feeling of certainty in the mind of speaker:
-- He is going to sell his car next month
- She is going to have a baby
 It is used to indicate an action that has just
been finished
o resultative : She has opened the door ( now
the door is open)
 It is used if we think about the continuous
activity which begins in the past and
continuous until now
o continuative: My daughter has lived in
Semarang for six years ( At present, she still
lives in Semarang)
 A passive sentence is used when the focus is on
the action rather than on the doer of it, or when
the doer is unknown.
 The subject receives the action
 A passive verb consists of the auxiliary Be + the
Past Participle of a verb
- My little brother always sings Bangun Tidur song
 Bangun Tidur song is always sung by my little
brother.
- Sultan Agung created the Bedaya Ketawang 
The Bedaya Ketawang was created by Sultan
Agung.
- They have arrested some of the villagers Some
of the villagers have been arrested.
 It can be used as a modifier to noun.
 Present participle is formed by adding the
suffix “ing” ( falling, changing).
 Past participle is formed by adding the suffix
“ed” to the verb/ irregular verb.

-Falling birth rates could slow economic

growth  active meaning.
- The street sweepers sweep the fallen
leaves every morning  passive meaning.
 The audience give a big applause to the
(interesting – interested) show.
 The (frightening – frightened) man had left the
movie before the (frightening – frightened) film
ended.
 The carpenter was repairing the (breaking –
broken) window when I left him this morning.
 The room looked brighter after she had placed
some (burning – burnt) candles in the rooms.
 The (boring – bored) speech makes the (boring –
bored) audience feel sleepy.
 The little girl with a (smiling- smiled) face that
you saw yesterday is my neighbour’s daughter.
 The (wounding – wounded) man screamed all
day and all night.
 Gerund is a verb in the – ing form which
function as a noun in a sentence
 as subject : Teaching is not an easy job
Fishing is an interesting
pastime for some people
 As object  as object a gerund can be the
object for a verb or the object of a
preposition.
The following verbs usually take gerunds as object (
stop, avoid, give up, like, enjoy, keep).
For examples:
- They stop smoking cigarettes
-The students avoid meeting the teacher before they
submit their work.
- They have given up looking for the robber.
- The students like watching the programme.
- The children enjoy playing in the garden.
- The police keep watching the suspect.
- Tom can’t hear well without being helped.
- I’m sorry for disturbing you
- They are interested in joining the conference
- The man was accused of stealing some
money
- My friends are very good at playing football
- His job is teaching English
- What they like is swimming in a
hot spring water
 It is the base form of a verb : go, catch, be
 It can be with to or without to

INFINITIVE WITH TO
 We use infinitive with to after adjectives,
nouns, certain verb, verb + object, question
words
- We are ready to go now. ( ready  adjective)
- We have a report to write. ( report noun)
- I don’t want to be late. (want  certain verb)
- They expect us to arrive at seven.( expect
us verb+ object)
- I don’t know what to say to you.( what 
question words)
 As subject : To err is human
 As object : They hate to go to the beach
 As complement : The President is to arrive
today
 We use infinitive without to after:
- Modal verbs/ auxiliaries:
 He must finish his homework tomorrow
- Make/ let/ see/ hear + object:
 The teacher make us work very hard
- Had better and would rather:
 I had better do it, although I would rather
go out
There are several verbs which can be followed by
gerunds or infinitives, sometimes with a slight
difference meaning, for examples: continue, love,
remember, like, prefer.

1a. The workers continue to work on the site

1b. The workers continue working on the site
2a. The boy like to play on the sand
2b. The boy like playing on the sand
3a. The students prefer eating fried egg to eating
boiled egg.
3b. The students prefer to eat fried egg rather than to
eat boiled egg.
 If there is some difference in meaning,
usually the basic difference is that a gerund is
more general in meaning, while an infinitive
suggests a more specific meaning.
 Example:
I hate telling lies (the act of lying in general)
I hate to tell you this, but ….(this particular
time).
NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB

Nature naturalize natural Naturally

Fertilize

Creator, create Creative

creativity,
creation
Tranquility

Publicly

Include

industrious
NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB

Beauty beautify beautiful Beautifully

Pleasure

Differ

Powerful

terrify Terribly

Die

Dangerously
NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB

Difference differ different Differently

Describe

symbolic

Move

personal

Create

decide

present
NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB

Courage Encourage Courageous Courageously

Financial

Competitive

Productivity

Prevent

Predict

Controllably

Completely
NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB

Economy Economize Economical Economically

Socialization

Exclude

Educational

Responsively

Localization
 How words can be derived ?
 Nouns : suffix (- ion, - zation,- ity, -ness, -
ence, - ment, -er, or)
 Verbs : prefix ( en-, em )
suffix ( - fy , - ize)
 Adjectives: suffix ( - ic, - al, - ent, - able, - ive, -
ous, - ful, less -y)
 Adverbs: suffix (- ly),
irregular
 Exercises: Underline the correct answer!
1. She always smiles (nature, natural, naturalize, naturally).
2. The farmers use compos as a (fertile, fertilize, fertilely ,
fertilizer)
3. She is a (fertile, fertilize, fertilely , fertilizer) woman, she has 12
children.
4. Dina is the member of ( create, creative, creativity, creation)
team, this show is her (create, creative, creativity, creation)
5. The people in Gunung Kidul are very ( industry, industrious,
industry city).
6. Maya is a clever and ( courage, encourage, courageous,
courageously) student in my class.
7. My mother wants to ( enlarge, large, largely, largeness) our
kitchen.
8. The ladies always (beauty, beautiful, beautifully ,beautify ) their
performance.
9. What is the (differ, different, difference , differently between a
goat and a sheep?
10. She likes singing (happy, happiness , happily) songs.
11. A pregnant mother has to consume (nutritious, nutrition,
nutritionist) foods.
An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or
pronoun.
- He is a small boy ( small is an adjective
modifying the noun boy).
- She is clever ( clever is an adjective
modifying the pronoun she).
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb. Many adverbs
are formed by adding the suffix ly to the
corresponding adjectives.
- He works carefully.( carefully is an adverb
modifying the verb works)
- I am terribly sorry for making this big
mistake.( terribly is an adverb modifying the
adjective sorry)
- They study English very seriously.( very is
an adverb modifying the adverb seriously)
Some adjectives such as hard, fast, late, and
early do not change when they are used as
adverbs.
-They are hard workers.( hard is an adjective
modifying the noun workers)
- They work hard everyday. ( hard is an adverb
modifying the verb work)
The adjective good changes into well when it
is used as an adverb.
- She is a good student.( good is an adjective
modifying the noun student)
- She always does her homework well.( well is
an adverb modifying the verb does)
NOTE:
Hardly and lately are adverbs but they have
different meanings. The former means
hampir-hampir tidak and the latter means
akhir-akhir ini.

- She hardly met her husband yesterday. ( Ia

hampir tidak bertemu dengan suaminya
kemarin.
 There are 3 forms of adjectives/ adverbs
called positive, comparative and superlative
forms.
 The positive form is used to describe
something when no comparison is made.
 The comparative form is used to compare two
things or people.
 The superlative form is used to compare one
member of group with the whole group
 The comparative and superlative forms of
most adjectives and adverbs are formed:
- By adding the suffix –er and –est respectively
( one syllable adjectives).
- By prepositioning more and most especially
before adjectives when they consist of two or
more syllables.
dangerous- more dangerous than- the most
dangerous.
- For irregular adjectives the forms should be
learnt by heart.
good- better than – the best
bad – worse than – the worst
The circulatory system consists of three main
parts. These are the heart, the blood vessels and
the blood.
The heart is an organ which is composed of
muscle. The heart pumps blood through the
body.
The blood vessels include arteries, veins and
capillaries. Arteries are large blood vessels, which
carry blood from the heart to the body. Veins are
blood vessels which carry blood from the body to
the heart. Capillaries are very small blood vessels
which supply blood to the cells of the body
The blood is a liquid which transports oxygen and
other substances within the body.
 The lungs

……………….

……………………..
The heart

The cells
Of
The body

…………………………....