14el (PGS) - 1

PROF. DR.
SYED ASIF ALI SHAH

HEC Approved PhD Supervisor
PhD, TUWien-Austria
Asif.Shah@faculty.muet.edu.pk
Department of Electrical Engineering
Mehran UET, Jamshoro, Sindh-Pakistan
© 2016 Department of Electrical Engineering 14EL Mehran University of Engineering & Technology
Nature of Generation, Transmission & Distribution Systems
1. Power station 1. Choice of system voltage

2. Set of transformers 2. Voltage variations
3. Transmission lines 3. Voltage drop
4. Substations 4. Reliability
5. Distribution lines 5. Loading capacity
6. Supplementary equipment 6. Location and load growth
Environmental Impact by Energy Source
All energy sources affect the environment.
There is no such thing as a completely “clean” energy source.
1. Biofuels: Biomass, Ethanol and Biodiesel

2. Coal
3. Geo-Thermal
4. Hydro-Power
5. Petroleum (Oil & Gas)
6. Solar
7. Uranium
8. Wind
9. Others
Energy Source Comparison
Energy Source Pros Cons

1. High initial investment
2. Dependent on sunny weather
1. Nonpolluting 3. Supplemental energy may be
2. Most abundant energy needed in low sunlight areas
Solar Energy
source available 4. Requires large physical space
3. Systems last 15-30 years for PV cell panels
5. Limited availability of
polysilicon for panels
1. Output is proportional to
wind speed
1. No emissions
2. Not feasible for all
2. Affordable
geographic locations
Wind Energy 3. Little disruption of
3. High initial
ecosystems
investment/ongoing
4. Relatively high output
maintenance costs
4. Extensive land use

No emissions Environmental impacts by changing
Reliable the environment in the dam area.
Capable of generating large Hydroelectric dams are expensive to
Hydro Power
amounts of power build
Output can be regulated to meet Dams may be affected by drought
demand Potential for floods
Widely available
Cleanest-burning fossil fuel Transportation costs are high
Often used in combination with Lack of infrastructure makes gas

other fuels to decrease resources unavailable from some
Natural Gas pollution in electricity areas
generation Burns cleanly, but still has
Made safe by adding artificial emissions
odor so that people can easily Pipelines impact ecosystems
smell the gas in case of a leak

Efficient transportation fuel for High CO2 emissions
the world Found in limited areas
Basis of many products, from Supply may be exhausted before
Petroleum prescription drugs to plastics natural gas/coal resources
Economical to produce Possible environmental impact
Easy to transport from drilling/transporting
Source must be near usage to cut
Abundant supply transportation costs
Fewer emissions than fossil fuel Emits some pollution as gas/liquid
sources waste
Biomass
Can be used in diesel engines Increases emissions of nitrogen
Auto engines easily convert to oxides, an air pollutant
run on biomass fuel Uses some fossil fuels in
conversion

Emits major greenhouse gases/acid
rain
Abundant supply
High environmental impact from
Currently inexpensive to extract
mining and burning, although
Coal Reliable and capable of cleaner coal-burning technology is
generating large amounts of being developed
power
Mining can be dangerous for
miners
Higher capital costs due to safety,
No greenhouse gases or CO2
emergency, containment,
emissions
radioactive waste, and storage
Efficient at transforming energy systems
into electricity
Uranium Problem of long-term storage of
Uranium reserves are abundant radioactive waste
Refueled yearly (unlike coal Heated waste water from nuclear
plants that need trainloads of plants harms aquatic life
coal every day)
Potential nuclear proliferation issue
Minimal environmental impact

Efficient Geothermal fields found in few
Power plants have low areas around the world
Geo-Thermal
emissions Expensive start-up costs
Low cost after the initial Wells could eventually be depleted
investment
ROOTS OF PAKISTAN’S ENERGY CRISIS
Pakistan today is caught up in an acute Energy Crisis which has its roots in five (5)
distinct causes, namely;
i. Lack of Integrated Energy Planning & Demand Forecasting and absence of

central & focused entity responsible for the Energy Sector
ii. Imbalanced Energy Mix with heavy reliance on gas (47.5%) and Oil
(30.5%) (72% imported)
iii. Non-utilization of vast indigenous resources of Thar Coal and Hydel

potential
iv. Lack of effective project structuring, planning and implementation of

indentified and viable projects
v. Inadequate Primary Energy Sources or access to, or local availability /

development
ELECTRICITY GENERATION BY SOURCE
Nuclear &
Imported,
3.40%
Oil, 32.10%
Hydel, 29.90%
Coal,
0.10%
Gas, 34.30%
Coal Power Generation
China 72%
India 56%
USA 51%
Current 2016 2030 Per 2005 Energy Plan
Nuclear & Nuclear Renewable

Imprt, 3.40% 4% 4%
Oil
7%
Hydel, Oil, 32.10% Hydel
29.90% 25%
Gas
Gas, 34.30% 45%
Coal
15%
Coal,
0.10%
Revised Plan 2030 12%
Nuclear Renewable
Oil
5% 3%
Gas
Hydel
25%
30%
Coal
25%
Energy Sources
Comparing five most prominent sources of energy and how they measure up against each other
Solar power Wind power Hydro power Fuel power Nuclear power
Initial cost Low Low High Lowest Highest
Running cost High High Low Highest Least
Reserves Day time only Permanent Permanent Limited Abundant
Cleanliness High High Highest Lowest Low
Simplicity Complex Complex Simplest Complex Most complex
Reliability Low Low Highest Low High
Thermal Power Station
Layout
Layout
Steam Power Plant- Block Diagram
Turbine
Turbine
Turbine
Boiler
Boiler
Boiler
Boiler
Boiler
Economizer
ID & FD Fans
Superheater
Deaerator
To remove oxygen, carbon dioxide and other noncondensable

gases from feed water.
To heat the incoming makeup water and return condensate to an
optimum temperature for:
Minimizing solubility of the undesirable gases
Providing highest temperature water for injection to the boiler
widely used for the removal of

oxygen and other dissolved gases
from the feedwater to steam-
generating boilers. In particular,
dissolved oxygen in boiler
feedwater cause serious corrosion
damage in steam systems by
attaching to the walls of metal
piping and other metallic
equipment in forming oxides (rust)
Deaerator
Furnace and Boiler
Control Room
Control Room
Control Room
Control Room
Control Room
INSTALLED DEPENDABLE CAPABILITY AT LOAD:SHARED
IPP’s
CAPACITY CAPABILITY PEAK 8pm DURING PEAK
KAPCO 1638 1342 1125 1125
HUBCO 1292 1200 1166 1166
KEL 131 124 104 104
AES LALPIR 362 348 340 340
AES PAKGEN 365 349 340 340
SEPCOL 135 110 82 82
HCPC 140 129 107 107
UCH 586 551 497 497
ROUSCH 450 395 373 373
FKPCL 157 151 142 142
SABA 134 126 123 123
JAPAN 135 107 39 39
LIBERTY 235 212 185 185
CHASHNUPP-I 325 300 0 0
JAGRAN 30 30 30 30
AEL 31 27 25 25
MALAKAND-III 81 81 54 54
AGL 163 156 150 150
ATLAS POWER 219 214 200 200
ENGRO POWER 226 217 210 210
SAIF POWER 225 210 0 0
ORIENT POWER 225 213 91 91
NISHAT POWER 200 195 102 102
NISHAT CHUNIA 200 195 105 105
FOUNDATION POWER 175 175 159 159
SAPPHIRE 225 209 184 184
LIBERTY TECH 200 195 123 123
HUBCO NOROWAL 220 214 168 168
HALMORE 225 207 177 177
CHASHNUPP-II 340 315 0 0
TOTAL PRIVATE 9070 8297 6401 6401

UNIT COMMITMENT (through Priority List)
FUEL COST FINAL UNIT COST

PLANT GROUP
S. NO. FUEL TYPE Rs / KWh Rs / KWh
1 UCH GAS 1.30501 1.54982
2 LIBERITY GAS 1.78975 2.05142
3 LAKHRA GAS 2.86770 3.09373
4 KAPCO GAS 4.03475 4.15933
5 GUDDU GAS 4.33350 4.40240
6 GTPS KOTRI GAS 5.19900 5.34179
7 JAMSHORO GAS 6.23220 6.28007
8 GUDDU MIX 11.87665 12.42337
9 JAMSHORO MIX 12.64475 13.13363
10 JAMSHORO F.O 16.54840 16.99289
11 AES PAKGEN F.O* 14.91169 15.04151
12 AES LALPIR F.O* 14.91169 15.04151
13 HUBCO F.O* 14.73086 16.52821
14 KAPCO HSD 17.57257 18.99601
15 GUDDU F.O 17.97550 19.66840
16 GTPS KOTRI HSD 24.16080 24.25070
Gas Turbine Power Station
Combining two or more thermodynamic cycles:

Brayton cycle and Rankine cycle, results in improved overall efficiency. It can also
work with the Otto, Diesel, and Crower cycles which may allow it to be suited to
automotive use. Aside from the Rankine cycle, the Stirling cycle could also be used
Brayton-type engine consists of three components

1. Gas compressor
2. Mixing chamber
3. An expander
Advantages Disadvantages
It is simple to design & construct compared to Problem of starting. Compressor needs to be
a Steam Power station, since no boilers are operating thus external source of power is
required. necessary.
Much smaller compared to Steam Power Net output is low since greater power is used
station of same capacity to drive compressor.
Lower operating costs Overall efficiency of plant is low ≈ 20%
because of exhaust gases still containing heat.
only efficient in a Combined cycle
configuration
Less water used since there is no need for a Temperature of combustion chamber is too
condenser high thus resulting in a lower life.
Maintenance charges are low .
Can be started quickly .
No stand-by losses .
Hydro-Electric Power Station
Hydropower is using water to power machinery or make electricity. Water constantly moves
through a vast global cycle, evaporating from lakes and oceans, forming clouds, precipitating as
rain or snow, then flowing back down to the ocean. The energy of this water cycle, which is driven
by the sun, can be tapped to produce electricity or for mechanical tasks like grinding grain.
Hydropower uses a fuel—water—that is not reduced or used up in the process. Because the water
cycle is an endless, constantly recharging system, hydropower is considered a renewable energy.
The Water (Hydrologic) Cycle

When flowing water is captured and turned into electricity, it is called hydroelectric power or
hydropower. There are several types of hydroelectric facilities; they are all powered by the kinetic
energy of flowing water as it moves downstream. Turbines and generators convert the energy into
electricity, which is then fed into the electrical grid to be used in homes, businesses, and by
industry.
Introduction: Hydro Power station

A hydro power station uses potential energy of water at high level for generating electrical energy.
This power station is generally located in hilly areas where dams can be built conviniently and large
water reservoirs can be obtained. This kind of power station can be used to produce large amounts
of electrical energy. In most countries these power stations are used as peak load power stations.
This is because they can be started and stopped easily and fast.
Operation
The water from the dam is lead to the water turbine through the penstock. Here the hydraulic energy
of water is converted to rotational mechanical energy by the turbine. The turbine is connected to the
generator through the turbine shaft and hence mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy
by the generator.
Future generations will want to depend more on this type of electricity generating power station
(and other renewable energy sources), due to a fast increasing depletion of fuels(Coal). There are
a number of construction projects currently underway for this kind of power station around the
world.
Reservoir:
This is where water is stored for use as and when needed. The type and arrangement depends on
topography of the site.
Penstock:
This is a conduit (conduits) that carry water to the turbines. They are made of reinforced concrete or
steel. A surge tank is installed next to each penstock for over flow control and protection of penstock
from bursting.
Water turbine:
Water turbines are used to convert hydraulic energy of flowing water into rotational mechanical energy.
Figure 3 is an example of the make of a typical water turbine.
Generator:
This machine is used to convert rotational mechanical energy transferred from the turbine through the
shaft, into electrical energy. the produced electrical energy is transmitted to the transformer for long
distance transmission.
Traditionally, a penstock is an enclosed pipe that brings water into a mill for use in a waterwheel or
turbine.
For hydroelectric power uses, a surge tank is an additional storage space or reservoir fitted between the
main storage reservoir and the power house (as close to the power house as possible).
Surge tanks are usually provided in high or medium-head plants when there is a considerable distance
between the water source and the power unit, necessitating a long penstock. The main functions of the
surge tank are 1.When the load decreases, the water moves backwards and gets stored in it. 2.When the
load increases, additional supply of water will be provided by surge tank.
In short, the surge tank controls pressure variations due to rapid changes in velocity of water.
Diversion
A diversion, sometimes called run-of-river,
facility channels a portion of a river through
a canal or penstock. It may not require the
use of a dam.
Hydro power plant Pumped storage plant

Once water passes through penstock & Water is re-used by pumping and generative action
turbine, it is released into the river of the scheme.
Can be used for irrigation & flood control Can be used for pumping water from readly
available areas to areas in need of water
Can still be used as base load station can not be used as base load station as it can only
generate for limited hours
Requires no fuel, thus called clean power Very high capital cost for dam construction
station
Small running charges and no need for Uncertainty about availability of huge amounts of
specialised manpower water
Simple construction & requires less Skilled personel required for construction
maintenance
Very robust & has long life High cost of transmission line as plant is located
in hilly areas.
Also used for flood control and irrigation
Sizes of Hydroelectric Power Plants

Facilities range in size from large power plants
that supply many consumers with electricity to
small and micro plants that individuals operate
for their own energy needs or to sell power to
utilities.
Large Hydropower
Although definitions vary, DOE defines large
hydropower as facilities that have a capacity of
more than 30 megawatts.
Small Hydropower
Although definitions vary, DOE defines small
hydropower as facilities that have a capacity of
100 kilowatts to 30 megawatts.
Micro Hydropower
A micro hydropower plant has a capacity of up to
100 kilowatts. A small or micro-hydroelectric
power system can produce enough electricity for
a home, farm, ranch, or village.
Pumped storage schemes are a convenient way of storing large quantities of
energy which can be used during emergency or peaking times.
Operation:
During off-Peak hours, the plant draws electric energy from the electrical grid &
uses that to pump water to the upper reservoir.
When Peak time comes, the water from the upper reservoir is released & electric
energy is generated in the lower reservoir. This cycle is repeated daily.
By their nature, pumped storage schemes cannot be used as base load power
stations. These are strictly used for peak time supply as they can be brought on-
line quickly.
Jhimpir Wind Power Plant

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In October 15, 2008, a Turkish company was reportedly close to completing the first
windmill in Pakistan.[1] The Jhimpir Wind Power Plant
Five wind turbines in Jhimpir, 70 km from Karachi are being developed by Zorlu Enerji
Pakistan the local subsidiary of a Turkish company. Total cost of the project is $110
million.
Zorlu Enerji is reported to have completed five wind turbines in Jhimpir, each capable of
producing 1.2 megawatts of electricity. Though initially 6MW of electricity will be
produced by the company, the project will be expanded to 50MW in the next few years.
The first phase of the project came online in mid-2009. The farm has a total capacity of 6
MW, consisting of 5 towers with gearless VENSYS-62 tubines, each capable of
producing a maximum of 1.2 MW in ideal wind conditions. The farm is planned to be
extended in future to 50 MW in Phase 2 and to a maximum of 300 MW in Phase 3 if
future negotiations are successful.[2]
Currently the privately owned Turkish wind farm is selling the produced electricity to
Pakistan at a rate of 12.1057 US cents per Kilowatt hour of electricity.[3] Gharo 50-1000
Jhampir
Gharo Wind Power Plant

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Gharo Wind Power Plant is planned to be built in the persistently wind-swept
corridor of Gharo, Sindh, Pakistan. This will be one of the first wind power project
in Pakistan.
The turbine manufacturer of Germany and of United States have signed an
agreement with Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) of Pakistan, to
manufacture wind turbines in Pakistan to help establish wind power projects. US-
based Access Energy would finance the project to set up a 50 MW wind power plant
along the general wind corridor in Gharo, while the German Company, Fuhrländer,
would transfer the technology to Pakistan for manufacturing of wind turbines along
with its accessories to set up a minimum of 1000 MW power plants.[1][2] Halcrow
Pakistan has compiled the Enivoronmental Impact Assessment for this project.[3]
Hubco= 1,200 MW plant is located 60 km from Karachi in Hub. The electricity at HUBCO is
generated by four 323 megawatt oil-fired units that are supplied by a 78km long pipeline from
Pakistan State Oil
Kotaddu (KAPCO)= produces 1,600 MW of electricity

Orient Energy Systems= 450MW
485 feet (148 m) high above the riverbed
Catchment area168,000 km2Surface area250 km2
Tarbela DamTurbines10 x 175 MW, 4 x 432
MWInstalled capacity3478 MWMaximum
capacity4200 MW
Mangla Dam=1000
Ghazi-Barotha
Kala-Bagh
Diamer-Bhasha
Head Qadirabad
Akhorri
Hydro power plant Pumped storage plant

Once water passes through penstock & Water is re-used by pumping and generative action
turbine, it is released into the river of the scheme.
Can be used for irrigation & flood control Can be used for pumping water from readly
available areas to areas in need of water
Can still be used as base load station can not be used as base load station as it can only
generate for limited hours
Requires no fuel, thus called clean power Very high capital cost for dam construction
station
Small running charges and no need for Uncertainty about availability of huge amounts
specialised manpower of water
Simple construction & requires less Skilled personel required for construction
maintenance
Very robust & has long life High cost of transmission line as plant is
located in hilly areas.
Also used for flood control and irrigation
Nuclear Power Station
Production / Generation
Solar / Nuclear
Cost Analysis
Nuclear Chain Reaction
Nuclear Radiations
Nuclear Power Generation

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PROF. DR.

SYED ASIF ALI SHAH

1. Power station 1. Choice of system voltage

1. Biofuels: Biomass, Ethanol and Biodiesel

Energy Source Pros Cons

Energy Source Pros Cons

Often used in combination with Lack of infrastructure makes gas

Energy Source Pros Cons

Energy Source Pros Cons

Energy Source Pros Cons

Minimal environmental impact

i. Lack of Integrated Energy Planning & Demand Forecasting and absence of

iii. Non-utilization of vast indigenous resources of Thar Coal and Hydel

iv. Lack of effective project structuring, planning and implementation of

v. Inadequate Primary Energy Sources or access to, or local availability /

ELECTRICITY GENERATION BY SOURCE

Coal Power Generation

Current 2016 2030 Per 2005 Energy Plan

Nuclear & Nuclear Renewable

Initial cost Low Low High Lowest Highest

Running cost High High Low Highest Least

Reserves Day time only Permanent Permanent Limited Abundant

Cleanliness High High Highest Lowest Low

Simplicity Complex Complex Simplest Complex Most complex

Reliability Low Low Highest Low High

To remove oxygen, carbon dioxide and other noncondensable

widely used for the removal of

TOTAL PRIVATE 9070 8297 6401 6401

FUEL COST FINAL UNIT COST

Combining two or more thermodynamic cycles:

Brayton-type engine consists of three components

The Water (Hydrologic) Cycle

Introduction: Hydro Power station

Hydro power plant Pumped storage plant

Sizes of Hydroelectric Power Plants

Jhimpir Wind Power Plant

Gharo Wind Power Plant

Kotaddu (KAPCO)= produces 1,600 MW of electricity

Hydro power plant Pumped storage plant

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