KASHMIR CONFLICT

THE PARTITION

• On 15 July 1947, the Indian Independence Act of 1947 stipulated that

British rule in India would come to an end just one month later, on 15
August 1947.

• The Act also stipulated the creation of two new independent dominions:
India (Hindu majority) and Pakistan (Muslim majority).

• The partition involved the division of three states : Assam , Bengal and
Punjab.
THE RADCLIFFE LINE
• Declared on August 17, 1947, the
demarcation line between India and
Pakistan came to be known as the
Radcliffe Line, named after a British
lawyer Cyril John Radcliffe.
• This ‘architect’ of geographical schism
who was visiting India for the first time
and had almost zero knowledge about
Indian history, its wonderful culture and
even its map,
• Took only 5 weeks to complete his job
which divided a subcontinent covering an
area of 450,000 sq. km. with a whopping
population of 88 million.
INSTRUMENT OF ACCESSION

• Maharaja's troops, heavily outnumbered and outgunned and facing

internal rebellions from Muslim troops, had no chance of withstanding
the attack. The Maharaja made an urgent plea to Delhi for military
assistance.
• Maharaja Hari Singh, fearing a certain defeat, left Srinagar in
despondency on October 25th and sent a communiqué to Indian
government asking for State’s accession.
• the Maharaja signed an instrument of accession on 26 October 1947,
which was accepted by the Governor General the next day.
UN MEDIATION
• Pakistan was suffering crushing defeat in both western
and northern frontier and there were no resources in
reserve. India was close to complete victory.
• Suddenly in November 1948 the Nehru government
requested UN mediation to resolve the conflict.
• A UN brokered cease-fire went into effect on Jan. 1,
1949.
SINO-INDIAN WAR-1962

• The Sino-Indian War, also known as the Sino-Indian Border Conflict, was
a war between China and India that occurred in 1962.
• A disputed Himalaya border was the main pretext for war, but other
issues played a role.
• There had been a series of violent border incidents after the 1959
Tibetan uprising, when India had granted asylum to the Dalai Lama.
• Chinese launched simultaneous offensives in Ladakh and across the
McMahon Line on 20 October 1962, coinciding with the Cuban Missile
Crisis.
HOW DID IT START?

• When China announced that it would be occupying Tibet, India sent a

letter of protest proposing negotiations on the Tibet issue.
• India was so concerned about its relations with China that it did not
even attend a conference for the conclusion of a peace treaty with Japan
because China was not invited.
• Chinese maps showed some 120,000 square kilometres of Indian
territory as Chinese. On being questioned, Zhou Enlai, the first Premier
of People's Republic of China, responded that there were errors in the
maps
FACTS ON THE WAR:

• Till the start of the war, the Indian side was confident that war would not
be started and made little preparations.
• Thinking this, India deployed only two divisions of troops in the region of
the conflict, while the Chinese troops had three regiments positioned.
• On the first day, the Chinese infantry also launched an attack from the
rear. The continued losses forced the Indian troops to escape to Bhutan
• When the Indian army discovered that a Chinese force gathered in a
pass, it opened fire with mortars and machine guns and killed about 200
Chinese soldiers.
INDO-PAKISTAN WAR OF 1965
• The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a culmination of skirmishes that
took place between April 1965 and September 1965
between Pakistan and India.
• The conflict began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was
designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an
insurgency against Indian rule. India retaliated by launching a full-scale
military attack on West Pakistan.
• The seventeen-day war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and
witnessed the largest engagement of armored vehicles and the largest
tank battle since World War II.
• Internationally, the war was viewed in the
context of the greater Cold War, and
resulted in a significant geopolitical shift
in the subcontinent.
• As a consequence, India and Pakistan
openly developed closer relationships
with the Soviet Union and China,
respectively.
The perceived negative stance of the
western powers during the conflict, and
during the 1971 war, has continued to
affect relations between the West and
the subcontinent. In spite of improved
relations with the U.S. and Britain since
the end of the Cold War, the conflict
generated a deep distrust of both
countries within the subcontinent
which to an extent lingers to this day.
SOME INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT THE WAR:
• The 1965 war between India and Pakistan is said to be the one of the
most fiercely fought wars to be fought after World War II.The war was
fought on the western front of India starting from Rann of Kutch to
Kashmir.
• It all started in the month of January 1965 when Pakistani Army started
'Operation Desert Hawk' in the Rann of Kutch. The main motive of the
Pakistan army establishment was to keep the Indian forces engaged in
Kutch so that the Pakistani Army could launch an attack in Kashmir.
• It was on 28th August 1965, that Indian army opened up its front and
went eight kilometers inside the Pakistan occupied Kashmir (PoK) and
took control of strategically important Haji Pir Pass.
• The Pakistani Army launched a counter
attack with its newly acquired Patton
Tank the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War was
witness to the largest tank battle in
military history between World War II
A large number of Patton tanks
and 1965. The Pakistani army with its fleet
fielded by the Pakistani forces were
of 97 Patton tanks were moved towards
either captured or destroyed at the
Amritsar after they took control of
scene.
Khem Karan and Munnabao.
However Indian forces were able to
subdue the Pakistani tanks and
scored a decisive win in 1965. By
Sept 22 both sides had agreed to a
UN mandated cease-fire ending the
war that had by that point reached a
stalemate
INDO-PAKISTANI WAR OF 1971
• The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a military confrontation between
India and Pakistan that occurred during the liberation war in East
Pakistanfrom 3 December 1971 to the fall of Dacca(Dhaka) on 16
December 1971.
• The war began with preemptive aerial strikes on 11 Indian air stations,
which led to the commencement of hostilities with Pakistan and Indian
entry into the war of independence in East Pakistan on the side of
Bengali nationalist forces. Lasting just 13 days, it is one of the shortest
wars in history.
BACKGROUND
• The Indo-Pakistani conflict was sparked by the armed liberation
struggle in East Pakistan between the dominant Bengalis and the
multi-ethnic West Pakistanis over the right to govern and the
constitution.

• . The political tensions between East Bengal and West Pakistan had its
origin in the creation of Pakistan as a result of the partition of India
by the United Kingdom in 1947; the popular language movement in
1950; mass riots in East Bengal in 1964; and the mass protests in
1969.
INDIA'S INVOLVEMENT IN BANGLADESH
LIBERATION WAR

• Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on 27 March 1971 expressed full support

of her government for the independence struggle of the people of East
Pakistan, and concluded that instead of taking in millions of refugees, it
was economical to go to war against Pakistan.
• In 1971, a strong wave of Indian-supported Bangladeshi nationalism
emerged in the East.
• The news media's mood in Pakistan had also turned increasingly
jingoistic and militaristic against East Pakistan and India when the
Pakistani news media reported the complexity of the situation in the
East.
INDIA'S OFFICIAL ENGAGEMENT WITH PAKISTAN
• By November 1971, and Indian-Pakistani
war seemed inevitable. The Soviet Union
reportedly warned Pakistan against the
war, which they termed as "suicidal course
for Pakistan's unity.“
• Despite this warning, in November 1971,
thousands of people led by conservative
Pakistani politicians marched in Lahore
and across Pakistan, calling for Pakistan to
Crush India.
• India responded by starting a massive
buildup of the Indian Army on the western
borders
INDIAN ATTACKS ON PAKISTAN
• As Indian Army tightened its grip in the East Pakistan, the Indian Air
Force continued with its attacks against Pakistan as the campaign
developed into a series of daylight anti-airfield, anti-radar, and close-
support attacks by fighter jets.
• The PAF deployed the F-6s mainly on defensive combat air patrol
missions over their own bases, but without the preferential air
superiority, it was unable to conduct effective offensive operations.
• The IAF was able to conduct a wide range of missions – troop support;
air combat; deep penetration strikes; para-dropping behind enemy lines;
feints to draw enemy fighters away from the actual target; bombing and
reconnaissance
GROUND OPERATIONS
• When the conflict started, the war immediately took a decisive turn in
favour of India and their Bengali rebel allies militarily and diplomatically.
• On both fronts, Pakistan launched several ground offensives, but the
Indian Army held its ground and initiated well-coordinated ground
operations on both fronts
• On the ground, Pakistan suffered the most, with 8,000 killed and 25,000
wounded, while India only had 3,000 dead and 12,000 wounded.[18] The
loss of armoured vehicles was similarly imbalanced and this finally
represented a major defeat for Pakistan.
SURRENDER OF PAKISTAN EASTERN COMMAND IN
EAST PAKISTAN
• As Indian Army tightened its grip in the
East Pakistan, the Indian Air Force
continued with its attacks against Pakistan .
• The PAF deployed the F-6s mainly on
defensive combat air patrol missions over
their own bases.
• The IAF was able to conduct a wide range
of missions – troop support; air combat;
deep penetration strikes; para-dropping
behind enemy lines; feints to draw enemy
fighters away from the actual target;
bombing and reconnaissance
WAR ABOVE THE CLOUDS

SIACHEN GLACIER
AGENDA
• INTRODUCTION
• HISTORY OF THE CONFLICT
• STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE
• PRESENT SITUATION
• SOLUTION
• CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
• Siachen: place of wild
roses.
• Located in eastern
Karakoram range in
Himalaya mountains.
• coordinates: 35.421226°N
77.109540°E
• Northeast to point NJ9842
Length: 76km

Area: 700 km2

Largest in karakoram range

2nd –longest in world’s non-polar areas

Lies between Saltoro ridge and
Karakorum range.

Main passes on this ridge (N S)

 Sia La
 Bilafond La
 Gyong La
Average winter snowfall: 1000cm

Temperature: can dip to −50 °C (−58 °F)

Home to rare species:

 snow leopard
 brown bear
 ibex
CONFLICT
Simla agreement
1972
Both countries
claim sovereignty
over barren
hights
ZONE OF CONFLICT
The battle zone comprised an inverted
triangle resting on NJ 9842 with Indira
Col and the Karakoram pass as the
other two extremities
HISTORY OF CONFLICT
1949 Cease-Fire Line Agreement
(CFL) signed by both countries

1957-1976 international expeditions

sought Pakistani authorization to visit
Siachen's nearby mountain peaks

1967  Siachen Glacier clearly inside

Pakistan
 Indian gov protested against
cartography
Prior to 1984 neither India nor Pakistan
had any permanent presence in the area
OPERATION MEGHDOOT
Code-name for the Indian Armed Forces
operation to capture the Siachen Glacier

precipitated the Siachen Conflict

Launched on 13 April 1984

 Indian interpretation was that Pakistan
territory extended only to about the Saltoro
Ridge.
Pakistan interpretation was that their
territory continued northeast from Point
NJ9842 to the Karakoram Pass.
Both nations claimed the barren heights.
PAKISTAN MAJOR ASSAULTS
1987:
headed by Brig Gen Pervaiz Mussharaf

managed to capture a few high points

before being pushed back
1989:
Unsuccessful
Ground positions remained same
WHICH REGION SIACHEN BELONGS
All the international climbing and mountaineering
expedition teams to climb K2 and other
mountains,including Siachen always got their NoCs from
the Pakistani governments.
Siachen has been shown as part of Pakistan in many of
international world atlases like UN Defense Mapping
Agency (DMA), Historical Atlas of South Asia by
Chicago University, Britannica Atlas, National
Geographic Society of World Atlas and Times World
Atlas.
STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE OF
SIACHEN GLACIER
 The Siachen glacier is considered to be the
largest single source of fresh water as it is the
source of the Nubra River that eventually
feeds the mighty Indus.
The Karakoram highway between China and
Pakistan is very close to Siachen which
enhances its strategic value.
Current northern areas of
Pakistan and K-2.
INDIA’S CLAIM:
India’s stance is that the LoC runs from point NJ 9842
along the watersheds formed by the Saltoro ridge that puts
the entire Siachen glacier within Indian territory.

PAKISTAN’S CLAIM:
Pakistan claims that the line joins point NJ 9842 with the
Karakoram pass that lies towards the northeast, putting
Siachen within its territory.
PRESENT SITUATION OF THE
CONFLICT
The Indian Army controls a few of the top-
most heights, holding on to the tactical
advantage of high ground, while the
Pakistani forces are controlling Baltoro and
other glaciers and valleys in immediate
West to Saltoro ridgeline.
Presently India holds entire 75 KM of
Siachen glacier and commands two of the
three passes including the highest
motorable pass – Khardungla Pass
 Pakistan controls Gyong La pass that overlooks the
Shyok and Nubra river Valley and India`s access to
Leh district.
Logistically, Pakistan Army holds the advantage since
its road-head is only 20 KM away from the farthest
post while Siachen is a logistical nightmare for the
Indian troops who are stationed about 80 km away from
the road-head and their supplies have to be maintained
entirely by air.
INDIA’S POSITION ON RESOLVING THE ISSUE
1.India wants Pakistan to 'verifies the map' and
remained insistent on accepting ' Actual Ground
Position Line' (AGPL) that began from NJ 9842 and
ended in the current Indian possessions on Soltaro
Range.
2.The Indian position is that both nations should
jointly demarcate the current troop positions in the
region.
 PAKISTAN’S POSITION ON RESOLVING THE
ISSUE

1.Pakistan maintained its earlier proposal to

demilitarise the region.
2. Pakistan agrees that the issue should be
resolved with talks but is strongly against a
demarcation of troop positions.
STEPS TOWARDS RESOLVING THE
ISSUE
A year after India took over the glacier in 1984,
talks started. After 13 rounds, both sides are now
in agreement that the Siachen glacier should be
demilitarized as it is very tough to maintain army
over there.
Efforts to de-militarize the Glacier in 1989 and in
1992 were set-aside after long rounds of Indo-Pak
negotiation. Politicians were– Rajiv Gandhi and
Benazir Bhutto
 SUGGESTIONS
A number of suggestions have been made on how
the problem can be resolved, including
1. Declaring the area a peace park,our last hope.
2. Joint patrolling of the region
3. International peacekeeping force being
deployed in the region.
CONCLUSION
Sending men and material in such an area is
a very expensive affair.
On an average India spends about Rs. 4
crore per day for maintaining troops in this
hostile area. Pakistan also spends about Rs.
1 crore for the same purpose.
Even in normal circumstances, Indian
troops suffer one casualty every second
day while Pakistani troops suffer one
casualty every fourth day.
 Besides there are psychological disorders,
frostbite, high altitude pulmonary and
cerebral edema and snow blindness.
The tragic incident of 7th April
avalanche that hit the HQ of 6NLI
battalion of Pakistan Army in Gyari
sector of Siachen trapping 139 Pakistani
troops and civilians that has traumatized
the entire nation.
Meanwhile, up above the clouds, in the
icy glacier and peaks, the soldiers
continue to suffer and die, if not from
bullets then from nature, occasionally
looking down in the valley where
politicians of South Asia find it hard to
give peace a chance.
1999 KARGIL CONFLICT
KARGIL WAR
• The 1999 Kargil War took place between May 8, when Pakistani forces
and Kashmiri militants were detected atop the Kargil ridges and July 14
when both sides had essentially ceased their military operations.
• By 30 June 1999 Indian forces were prepared for a major high-altitude
offensive against Pakistani posts along the border in the disputed
Kashmir region.
• Apart from keeping the plan top secret, the Pakistan Army also
undertook certain steps to maintain an element of surprise and
maximise deception.
AIR OPERATIONS
• Ground troops supported by the Air Force tried to contain the threat,
assessed the enemy dispositions and carried out various preparatory
actions.
• The operations restricted to Kargil area did not lend themselves to the
use of air power.
• There was a constraint of not crossing the Line of Control (LoC) to the
Pakistan side.
• The IAF was, therefore, not at liberty to destroy the Pakistani supply
lines and smash the logistic bases across the LoC.
INDIAN ARMY OPERATIONS

• Indian Army's offensive named Operation Vijay was launched on May 26,
1999.
• Indian troops moved towards Pakistani occupied positions with air
cover provided by aircraft and helicopters.
• Thousands of shells, bombs and rocket warheads wrecked havoc and
prevented the enemy from interfering with the assault.
• Artillery OPs were established on dominating heights and sustained
Artillery fire was brought down on the enemy continuously by day and
night allowing him no rest.
INDIAN ARMY OPERATIONS
• The 1999 Kargil War took place between May 8, when Pakistani forces
and Kashmiri militants were detected atop the Kargil ridges and July 14
when both sides had essentially ceased their military operations.
• By 30 June 1999 Indian forces were prepared for a major high-altitude
offensive against Pakistani posts along the border in the disputed
Kashmir region.
• Apart from keeping the plan top secret, the Pakistan Army also
undertook certain steps to maintain an element of surprise and
maximise deception.
INSURGENCY IN J&K
HISTORY OF THE INSURGENCY

 At the end of the 1947 war India controlled the most valuable parts of
Kashmir. While there were sporadic periods of violence there was no
organised insurgency movement.
 In the second half of 1989 the alleged assassinations of the Indian spies
and political collaborators by JKLF (Jammu and Kashmir Liberation
Front) was intensified.
 Under JKLF’s leadership on January 21–23 large scale protests were
organised in valley. As a response to this largely explosive situation
paramilitary units of BSF and CRPF were called.
HISTORY OF THE INSURGENCY

 The Indian army has conducted various operations to control and

eliminate insurgency in the region such as Operation Sarp Vinash in
which a multi-battalion offensive was launched against terrorists from
groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba, Harkat-ul-Jihad-e-Islami, al-Badr and Jaish-e-
Mohammad.
 Beginning in 2004 Pakistan began to end its support for insurgents in
Kashmir.
 Although it is unclear if Pakistan's intelligence agency, the Inter-Services
Intelligence, thought to be the agency aiding and controlling the
insurgency is following Pakistan's commitment to end support for the
insurgency in Kashmir.
REASONS FOR THE INSURGENCY

 Rigging of 1987 Assembly elections

Following the rise of Islamisation in the Kashmir valley, during the 1987
state elections, various Islamic anti-establishment groups including Jamaat-
e-Islami Kashmir were organised under a single banner named Muslim
United Front (MUF)
 ISI's role
Former Pakistan President General Pervez Musharraf in Oct 2014 said
during TV interview, "We have source (in Kashmir) besides the (Pakistan)
army…People in Kashmir are fighting against (India). We just need to incite
them."
REASONS FOR THE INSURGENCY

 Mujahideen influence
After the invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union, Mujahideen
fighters, with the aid of Pakistan, slowly infiltrated Kashmir with the goal of
spreading a radical Islamist ideology.
 Religion
Jammu and Kashmir is the only Muslim majority state in Hindu-majority
India. Indian-American journalist Asra Nomani states that while India itself
is a secular state, Muslims are politically, culturally and economically
marginalised when compared to Hindus in India as a whole.
OTHER REASONS

 Psychological
Because of the tense situations in the valley from the 1990s, the
generation gap between parents and young generations has increased.
Young generations tend to blame their parents for failing to do anything
about the political situation. So they start experimenting with their own
aggressive ways to show their curbed feelings and would go against any
authority.
 Economic
High unemployment and lack of economic opportunities in Kashmir are
also said to have intensified the struggle.
2016 KASHMIR UNREST
2016 KASHMIR UNREST

• It started with the killing of Burhan Wahi, a

commander of the Kashmir-based Islamic militant
organization Hizbul Mujahideen, by Indian security
forces on 8 July 2016.After his killing, anti-Indian
protests started in all 10 districts of the Kashmir
Valley.
• After the news of Burhan's death spread, protests
erupted in some areas of Kashmir Valley.
• The separatists asked Kashmiris to observe a "black
day" on 15 August on 11 August. On Pakistan's
Independence Day, flags of Pakistan were hoisted at
many places across Kashmir and pro-Pakistan rallies
were carried out.
2016 KASHMIR UNREST

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URI ATTACK
URI ATTACK

 At around 5:30 a.m. on 18 September, four militants attacked an Indian Army brigade
headquarters in Uri, near the Line of Control in a pre-dawn ambush.
 They were said to have lobbed 17 grenades in three minutes. As a rear administrative
base camp with tents caught fire, 17 army personnel were killed during the attack.
 An additional 19-30 soldiers were reported to have been injured
 A gun battle ensued lasting six hours, during which all the four militants were
killed. Combing operations continued to flush out additional terrorists thought to be
alive.
REASON FOR SURGICAL STRIKE
• The option of surgical strikes was
taken in the wake of increase in
infiltration bids .

• Terrorists had begun gathering in

large numbers along the LoC with
the objective of crossing the border
and targeting locations in Jammu
and Kashmir, as well as other
metros.

• In such a scenario surgical strikes

was considered the best option to
deal with the threat.
SURGICAL STRIKES
WHAT IS SURGICAL STRIKE?

 A surgical strike is a military attack which results in only damage to

the intended legitimate military target, and no or minimal collateral
damage to surrounding structures, vehicles, buildings, or the general
public infrastructure and utilities.
 A swift and targeted attack with the aim of minimum collateral damage
to the nearby areas and civilians is a surgical strike.
 Surgical strike attacks can be carried out via air strike, airdropping special
ops teams or a swift ground operation or by sending special troops.
 India’s Surgical Strike was a precision bombing exercise.
EVENTS BEFORE SURGICAL STRIKE

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INDIAN VERSION

 The surgical strike team had six targets on mind, three of which were completely
destroyed during the operation.
 After reaching the target spot, the commandos used the element of surprise to
mount rapid and deadly attacks on the enemy. With the terrorists taken by surprise,
the crack troops added to the chaos by firing a flurry of smoke grenades into the
terror camps.
 Their actions were so precise and quick that by the time terrorists and Pakistani army
personnel realized what was happening, at least 50 terrorists had been killed. Two
Pakistani army personnel were also killed in the action.
 Two para commandos of the strike team received injuries during the mission from
landmines.
PAKISTANI VERSION

 Pakistan denied that any surgical strikes occurred. Pakistan's Foreign

Office rejected the claim as "baseless" and said India was "deliberately"
escalating conflict.
 The Pakistan Army said that there had only been "cross border firing". Pakistan
warned that it would respond militarily should any surgical strike actually
occur.The two soldiers killed were identified as Naik Imtiaz
and Havildar Jumma Khan.
 Pakistani sources reported that up to fourteen Indian soldiers were killed in
retaliatory firing and one was captured, Chandu Bablulal Chohan. It further
stated that India was concealing its casualty figures from the cross-border
firing.
BILATERAL BOYCOTT

 The 19th SAARC summit was a scheduled diplomatic conference, which was
originally planned to be held in Islamabad, Pakistan on 15–19 November 2016.
 Following the rising diplomatic tensions after the Uri terrorist attack, India
announced its boycott of the summit, alleging Pakistan's involvement in the
attack. Later, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Maldives also
pulled out of the summit.
 Indian Motion Picture Producers Association (IMPPA) decided to ban all
Pakistani actors, actresses and technicians working in India till the
situation returns to normal.
EVIDENCE TO COUNTER PAKISTAN CLAIMS:

 Nothing can be a bigger proof of the strikes than video footage. The Indian
armed forces have now given a green signal to the government to use the
video footage from the surgical strikes in any manner required to substantiate
India's claims.
 The second solid evidence is the account of the eyewitnesses across the LoC.
Local residents also told the eyewitnesses that five six bodies were loaded on
a truck the morning after the strikes and transported possibly to the nearest
Laskhar camp at Chalhana.
 Satellite images had shown that terrorists had been killed in the surgical
strikes. Intelligence agencies also got wireless intercepts of terror operatives
discussing about the strikes carried out by the Indian Army at four locations
EVIDENCE
CURRENT ISSUES
CURRENT SITUATION

 Situation is not good in Kashmir now. The youth are joining in to terrorist
groups.
 Daily terrorists, our army jawans and innocent people are dying. It is very bad
situation. Kashmiri youth should understand the situation and have to shun
violence and they have to help Government to bring normalcy in Kashmir.
 Due to Pakistan the situation in Kashmir is deteriorating. Pakistan is sending
terrorists to Kashmir and giving money to stone pelters. Kashmiri youth
should not get in to trap of Pakistan.
PROGRESSIVE CIVILIANS

 Many progressive kashmiris who understand that terrorism is no solution have

begun to settle in Jammu city , a perfect microcosm of India .
 There children are getting coaching and other education facilities in jammu
and they are very happy in Jammu .
 Military vs unarmed civilians demanding legitimate right to self
determination.kashmiris rake up a revolution whenever they get chance to
overthrow military suppression for example revolt of 2008, 2010 and the
present revolt of 2016.
YOUTH GOING MILITANTS IN KASHMIR

 The youth in Kashmir have melted into the dense forests in South Kashmir’s
Tral area, adding muscle to a new trend in which young Kashmiri boys are
giving up jobs and the comfort of their classrooms and choosing the path of
violence.
 The increase in the number of youth joining the militancy is increasing which
is alarming. About 45 youths joined the militancy this year.