ANCHORAGE

BDS FINAL YEAR

DEPARTMENT OF ORTHODONTICS
ANCHORAGE:

DEFINITIONS:

 “Resistance to unwanted tooth movement.” ~ PROFITT

 “ Resistance to displacement.”
Active elements and resistance elements ~ MOYERS
 “The nature and degree of resistance to displacement offered by an anatomic
unit when used for the purpose of effecting tooth movement.” ~ T.M. GRABER
CLASSIFICATION:

 According to the manner of force application as:

1. Simple
2. Stationary
3. Reciprocal
● According to the jaws involved as :
1. Intra maxillary
● Inter maxillary
● According to the site of anchorage as:
1. Intra oral
2. Extra oral
3. Muscular
● According to the no. of anchorage units as :
1. Simple
2. Compound
3. Reinforced

● According To White and Gardner:

1. Simple
2. Stationary
3. Reciprocal
4. Reinforced
5. Inter maxillary
6. Extra oral
FACTORS AFFECTING ANCHORAGE:

1. Teeth.
2. Root forms.
3. Size and no. of roots – large surface area & multirooted teeth >
resistance.
4. Root length – deeper the root embedded > resistance.
5. Position of tooth in the dental arch – e.g. Mandi. 2nd molar is
located but two ridges of basal bone , so offer more resistance to
bodily movement.
6. Inclination of tooth – axial inclination is in opposite direction to
force , greater resistance.
INTERMAXILLARY ANCHORAGE:

 Also called Baker’s Anchorage.

When the anchorage units situated in one jaw are used to provide
the force required to move teeth in the opposing jaw.

Subdivision:
 Simple.
 Stationary.
 Reciprocal.
 E.g. When class II elastics are used to
retract the maxillary anteriors , the
anchorage units are situated in the
mandibular arch.
SIMPLE ANCHORAGE:

 ‘Dental anchorage in which the manner and application

of force tends to displace or change the axial
inclination of the teeth that form the anchorage unit in
the plane of space in which the force is being applied.’
STATIONARY ANCHORAGE:

 ‘Dental anchorage in which the manner and application

of force tends to displace the anchorage unit bodily in
the plane of space in which the force is being applied.’
 Refers to the advantage that can be obtained by pitting
bodily movement of one group of teeth against tipping
of another
RECIPROCAL ANCHORAGE:

 Anchorage in which the resistance of one or more

dental units is utilized to move one or more opposing
dental units.

 Dissipation of equal and opposite forces.

 E.g.Diastema closure
INTRAMAXILLARY ANCHORAGE:

 A type of anchorage in which the resistance units a

re all situated within the same jaw.

E.g. Elastic chains are used to retract the anterior

segment using the posterior teeth as anchorage unit.
REINFORCED ANCHORAGE:

 It involves reinforcing the anchorage or resistance

area either by adding more resistance units or by
the use of various adjuncts.

 E.g. Banding of second molars, use of Transpalatal

arch , Nance holding arch , lower lingual arch.
EXTRAORAL ANCHORAGE:

 Anchorage in which resistance units are outside the oral cavity.

 The extraoral structures most commonly used are :

 Cervical region.
 The occiput.
 The forehead.
 The chin.
ADVANTAGE OF EXTRAORAL ANCHORAGE:

 The anchorage unit is far away from the actual site where the
movement is taking place, so less chances of any change in the
anchorage units.
DISADVANTAGE :

 Lack of patient’s co- operation.

 Anchorage assembly is bulky & externally visible.
 Decrease in the number of hours for which the anchorage
assembly is worn, so affects quality of result achieved.
 ANCHORAGE LOSS:

 It is the movement of the reaction unit or the anchor unit instead

of the teeth to be moved.
ANCHORAGE DEMAND:

Depending on anchorage loss:

 Maximum anchorage cases.
 Moderate anchorage cases.
 Minimum anchorage cases.
MAXIMUM ANCHORAGE CASES:

 Anchorage demand is very high.

 Not more than ¼ th of the extraction space

should be lost by forward movement of the
anchor teeth.
MODERATE ANCHORAGE CASES:

 Anchor teeth can be permitted to move forward

into ¼ th to ½ of the extraction space.
MINIMUM ANCHORAGE CASES:

 Anchorage demand is very low.