PROBLEMS OF HOUSING:-

 Tremendous growth in population.

 Rise in cost of construction and material.
 Scarcity of land.
 Shortage of housing.
 Industrial growth and employment opportunities and
excellent facilities, higher education in the towns and
cities act as a magnet to attract the rural population.
 The urban population has therefore increased by 30
million in last decades and now about a 150 million
people live in towns and cities.
 As cities grow the land values also rise up in the heart
of cities and its fringe area. when the state organs or
private agencies invest money in housing, the cost of
adjacent plot rise up.
 Recent survey states that in metropolitan cities above
45% people live in one room tenements.
• 15% people in two room.
• 10% people in three room.
• 5%live in four or more roomed flats.
• 25% in slums and footpaths.
QUALITY OF URBAN HOUSING
• 45% in pucca houses.
• 35% in semi-pucca houses.
• 20% in kacha houses.
MIGRATION FROM RURAL TO URBAN
• people are migrating from rural to urban areas
reason being necessity of education, employment,
and other facilities. That migration causes congestion,
overcrowding in cities.
QUANTATIVE SHORTAGE OF HOUSING

• This problem is prevalent in India because the number

of households are more than number of houses.
• The total number of households as per 1991 census
stood at 153.2 million comprising of 112.5 million in
rural areas and 40.7 million in urban areas. The number
of occupied houses in 1991 is 148.1 million with 108.8
million in rural areas and 39.3 million in urban areas.
• The estimated housing shortage in 1991 was at 8.23
million. The housing shortage in 1997 has been
estimated to be 7.57 million. The new housing demand
during 1997-2002 has been estimated at 88 lakh units.
HOUSING SHORTAGE
• Housing shortage is estimated on the basis of the
number of households including homeless households,
available housing stocks, acceptable housing stock,
aspects of congestion and overcrowding.
• Number of housing is less as compared to number of
households in our country.
• Household an independent unit having independent
kitchen.
• Shortage = No. of houses – housing stock.
• Majority of housing shortage is in LIG and economic
weaker section.
PROBLEM OF CONGESTION
• less space and more population within the houses (for
example in Calcutta many families accommodate in
one room).
• Minimum size of household - 225 sq.ft.
• Minimum area for a person 45 sq.ft.
• There are more built-up areas and lack of open spaces
on the land which creates congestion on the land.
• Congestion of building creates unhealthy living
condition for the people.
HIGH COST OF MATERIAL
• In lower category of housing, labour cost reduces but
materials cost rises high.
• Family with more people live in less accommodation
and the people with small family accommodation in
large houses.
HIGH RENTAL VALUES
• The poor people have low paying capacity, hence the
government has to control rent,enforcing the rent
control act.
• Less accommodation is available therefore, there is
high demand of housing and automatically rental value
touch the sky and its quite impossible to take the
houses on rent.
INADEQUATE LAND
• Housing is the major consumer of land and the cost of
land is consumed in buying the land.
• India has 2.52% of land and has 16.66% of population
of the whole world.so that available of land is less and
price of land is very high.
• Due to less availability of legal land, maximum houses
are built on unauthorized land.
HOUSEHOLDS AND NUMBER OF ROOMS
• The number of rooms available to the household gives
an indication of the congestion factor.
• The average size of the household in rural areas as
higher than that in urban areas.
• The average number of persons per dwelling in the
rural areas was higher at 5.7as against 5.5 in urban area
in 1991.
LOSS OF HOUSING STOCK
• 10% of housing loss is annually due to bad
workmanship, bad construction and natural factors.
QUALITATIVE POVERTY IN HOUSING
• The proportion of pucca houses was less in the rural
areas as compared to that in the urban areas in 1991.
• There was an acute shortage of portable water supply.
28% of the total population does not have drinking
water supply.
• There was an absence of efficient sanitation and sewage
disposal facility. Only 28% of the total population has
proper sanitary arrangements.
• There has been a short supply of electricity. 70% of the
total population has access to electricity.
SHORTAGE MOSTLY IN LOW INCOME GROUPS AND
ECONOMICALLY WEAKER SECTIONS
• The 97% of housing shortage is in economically
weaker sections.
• It is estimated that in 1990, 51.2 million persons were
living in slum and squatter settlements.
• Nearly 32% of the population in 12 metropolitan cities
was living in slums in 1990.
• The growth of slum is a sign of inability of people to
afford land and shelter through the normal market
mechanism and the failure of public sector to ensure
equitable access of the same to the poor
PROBLEM OF BYELAWS
• Due to delay in sanctioning of plans there’s delay in
construction. Due to so many formalities for the
construction procedure there’s always delay in the
progress of construction and occupation.
• Bye laws restrict the land usage which sometimes leads to
non utilization of land in a proper manner.
THE OTHER PROBLEMS
• Non utilization of complete potential of land
• Problem of plotted development more than flatted
development
• Large plot sizes
• No rationality in limiting and fixing the size of the plot
• High cost of construction of housing
• Registration fee, stamp duty, transaction charges extra
liability
STRATEGIES AND SOLUTIONS TO HOUSING PROBLEMS
SOLUTIONS
• maximum construction of housing.
• reduction of land cost.
• more availability of land, increased supply of land.
• promotion of flatted development as compared to
plotted development.
• encouragement to co-operative societies
• simplification of rent laws simplication of sanctioning
procedure of building plans.
• minimization of multiple ownership.
• reduction of transaction, stamp duty and other
necessary charges for lig and ews categories .
• low interest rates.
• rationalisation of building byelaws.
• proper supply of basic amenities like water supply,
disposal and electricity.
• standardization of housing design
• efficient law system
• penalty on the vacant land
• conversion of unserviceable houses to stable pucca
houses
• prefabrication for construction and mass production
• prevention from natural disasters and sustainability
STRATEGIES
LAND COST LOW, LAND SUPPLY HIGH
Land supply has to be increased. Government should not be
the sole proprietor of land. Joint supply from private
agencies should be encouraged.
There should be optimum utilization of land.
There should be restriction on ownership of land.

HOUSING DEVELOPMENT, RENEWAL, UPGRADATION AND

RETROFITTING
Retrofitting – upgrading an existing building, providing the
facilities which have not been provided or installed already.
Up gradation- from kacha and semi pucca to pucca.
Renewal- when the building lifetime is over new building to
be constructed.
HOUSING NORMS
For affordable housing built up area and plot size to be
controlled. all the facilities to be made available.

HOUSING FINANCE
Adequate amount of housing finance to be generated
through bank and personal resources.
National housing bank has been established. Co-
operative banks established for co-operative societies.
Low rate of interest to be levied. Rationalizing amount
needed for transaction and other facilities.
LEGAL ISSUE
Proper rent laws. Legal issues to be resolved including land
acquisition, development controls, building byelaws,
building plans sanctioning.
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND AFFORDABILITY
Solutions as to how to make a building cost effective
Prefabrication, standardization and mass production
MONITORING AND EVALUATION
Government to keep tab on the construction of housing
outside their control to ensure the addressing of shortage of
housing.
CAPITAL BUILDING AND INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
to increase the capacity of housing boards and housing
development agencies by involving private, co-operative,
corporate, government and semi government agencies.
pooling of resources of every individual sector