Chapter 20

Chapter 20
The Endocrine System
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition
Endocrine System Overview
• Glands
– Pituitary
– Thyroid
– Parathyroid
– Adrenal
– Pineal
– Thymus
• Also areas of the
– Pancreas
– Gonads
– Hypothalamus
Endocrine System Organization
• Glands – secrete hormones into blood
• Hormones – chemical messengers
• Receptor organs – react to chemical
messages
Types of Hormones
• 2 General Categories
– Steroid-derived hormones
– Amino acid–synthesized hormones
• Amine
• Polypeptide
Hormone–Target Cell Specificity
• Hormones alter cellular reactions of

specific target cells by
– Stimulating DNA to alter rate of protein
synthesis
– Altering rate of enzyme activity
– Altering plasma membrane transport via
second messengers
– Inducing secretory activity
Hormone–Receptor Binding
• A target cell’s activation is dependent upon
– Hormone concentration in blood
– Sensitivity of receptor for the hormone
• upregulation
• downregulation
– Number of target cell receptors
Cyclic AMP: The Intracellular
Messenger
• Binding of amine-based hormones to
receptor sites may activate the enzyme
adenylate cyclase.
• Adenylate cyclase catalyzes the
degradation of ATP to cyclic 3’5’adenosine
monophosphate (cyclic AMP).
• Cyclic AMP then acts to activate protein
kinases that alter cellular activity.
Effects on Enzymes
• Enzyme activity may be altered in one of
three ways.
– Stimulate enzyme production
– Allosteric modulation
– Activating inactive forms of the enzyme
Factors that Determine Hormone
Levels
• Quantity synthesized
• Rate of catabolism of secretion into blood
• Quantity of transport proteins present
• Changes in plasma volume
Patterns of Hormone Release
• Most respond to peripheral stimuli.
• Others have a diurnal variation: cycles may
be
– Daily
– Several weeks
Resting and Exercise-Induced
Endocrine Secretions
• Hormones
– Immediate response to exercise
– Training adaptation
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
• Releasing factor
• Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
– Neurotransmitters
Growth Hormone
• GH or somatotropin
• Facilitates protein synthesis
• Stimulated by exercise
• Modulates metabolic mixture
– Stimulates fatty acid release
– Inhibits cellular glucose uptake
Insulin-Like Growth Factors
• IGFs or somatomedins
• Travel in blood to interact with specific
receptors
• Transport influenced by
– Binding proteins in muscle
– Nutritional status
– Plasma insulin levels
Thyrotropin
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• Regulates hormone secretion by the
thyroid
• Maintains growth and development of
thyroid
• Increases thyroid cell metabolism
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
• ACTH (corticotropin)
• Increases mobilization of fatty acid from
adipose tissue
• Increases gluconeogenesis
• Stimulates protein catabolism
• ACTH increases during exercise
depending upon intensity and duration.
Prolactin
• Prolactin (PRL) initiates and supports
milk secretion.
– Levels increase at high exercise intensities
– May inhibit ovarian function
Gonadotropic Hormones
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
– Initiates follicle growth in ovaries
– Stimulates estrogen secretion
• Luteinizing hormone (LH)
– Complements FSH action
– Stimulates sperm growth and testosterone
secretion in testes
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
• ADH or vasopressin
– Increases water retention by kidneys
– Stimulated by exercise
– Helps conserve body fluids
• Oxytocin
– Important during birthing and nursing
Thyroid Hormones
• T3 – triiodothyronine
• T4 – thyroxine
• Increases metabolism of cell
• Help regulate growth and development
• Help maintain BP
• Exercise increases T4 ~ 35%
Parathyroid Hormones
• Control blood Ca2+ levels
• Its release is influenced by blood
concentration of Ca2+.
• PTH results in
– Bone release of Ca2+
– Increased calcium reabsorption by kidneys
– Increased calcium absorption by intestinal
mucosa
• Exercise may increase PTH.
Adrenal Hormones
• Adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines.
– Epinephrine
• Increases glycogenolysis
• Increases lipolysis
– Norepinephrine
• Increases lipolysis
• Relative exercise stimulates release
intensity.
Adrenocortical Hormones
• Mineralocorticoids
• Glucocorticoids
• Gonadocorticoids or androgens
Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterone
• Regulates sodium and K+ in extracellular
fluid
• Cellular response to aldosterone is slow
• > 45 minutes exercise is required to see its
effects
• Influence is mainly on recovery.
• Renin–angiotensin mechanism
Glucocorticoids
• Cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid.
– Promotes protein breakdown to amino acids
– Blunts the effects of insulin
– Increases lipolysis
– Increases gluconeogenesis
– Net effect = mobilization of fuel
Gonadocorticoids
• Produced in adrenal cortex
• Similar actions to sex steroids
– Dehydroepiandrosterone exerts effects
similar to testosterone.
Gonadal Hormones
• Produced in reproductive glands
– Testosterone
– Estradiol
– Progesterone
Pancreatic Hormones
• Insulin
– Mediates glucose metabolism
– Affects fat synthesis
– Facilitates protein synthesis
– Stimulates glucose transporters (GLUTs)
• Glucagon
– Increases blood glucose
– Increases glycogenolysis in the liver
Metabolic Syndrome X
• Insulin resistance
• Hyperinsulinemia
• Dyslipidemia
• Hypertension
Insulin Actions and Impaired
Glucose Homeostasis
• Type 1 diabetes
– Typically occurs in younger individuals
– 5 – 10% of all cases
– Exercise has greater metabolic effects.
• Type 2 diabetes
– Tends to occur after 40
– Often produces reduced exercise tolerance
Glucagon
• Secreted by Islets of Langerhans
– Stimulates glycogenolysis
– Stimulates gluconeogenesis
– Release occurs later in exercise.
Other Glands and Hormones
• Liver
– Somatomedins
• Small intestine
– Secretin
– Gastrin
– Cholecystokinin
• Hypothalamus
– Somatoliberin
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
• Growth hormone
• ACTH
• PRL
• FSH, LH
• Testosterone
Gender Differences
• Women
– Exercise may affect FSH and LH levels.
• Men
– Endurance training affects testosterone and
PRL levels.
– LH and FSH not affected
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
• ADH
• Oxytocin
Parathyroid Hormone
• Enhanced by endurance training
Adrenal Hormones
• Aldosterone
• Cortisol
• Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Pancreatic Hormones
• Insulin
• Glucagon
Resistance Training and
Endocrine Function
• Resistance training adaptations affected
by
– Testosterone
– Growth hormone
Opioid Peptides and Exercise
Neuropeptides released by the brain
• ß-lipotropin
• ß-endorphin
• Dynorphin
– Activate specific opioid receptor sites
– Inhibit anterior pituitary hormones, influencing
menstrual cycle
– May induce the exercise “high”
Exercise, Infectious Illness,
Cancer, and Immune Response
• The influence of exercise on immune
function generally follows a J-shaped curve.
• Exercise in the optimal range seems to aid
immune function.
• Overtraining may impair immune function.

Chapter 20

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Chapter 20

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Chapter 20

The Endocrine System

• Hormones alter cellular reactions of

• Enhanced by endurance training

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