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LITERATURE:

Imaginative or creative writing.

Distinguished writing with deep sublime noble feelings.


It includes oral tradition passed on from generation to
generation by word of mouth.

Literature is an idealistic work on human condition.


IMPORTANCE:

• Enjoyment
• Imagination and inspiration
• Vicarious experience
• Understanding and Empathy
• Heritage
• Moral Reasoning
• Literary and Artistic Preferences
CLASSIFICATION:

• PROSE:
• Fiction: Includes short story, novels, myths, parables, romances and epics.
• Generally Focuses on one or a few major characters who undergo some kind of
changes as they meet other character or deal with problems or difficulties in their
lives.
Non Fiction: Works of fact of theory. Included are letters, diaries, essays,
autobiographies ,histories, newspapers etc.
CLASSIFICATION

• DRAMA:
Plays are written with characters, implied action, and dialogjue and are usually
intended for actors to perform onstage.
POETRY:
Highly imagistic and is written in condensed language, stylized syntax, and figures of
speech not found in ordinary communication. Poetry usually creates a strong rhythm or
metrical feet and a sense of crystallized experience.
ELEMENTS OF SHORT STORY:
• Conflict:
• Pressure of conflicts results to tension and suspense as it builds to climax.
• The struggle between two opposing forces.
Types:
Person against person
Human against nature
Person against self
Individual against society
or a combination of two or more of these types.
• Conflict can be external or Internal.
• The forces opposing each other in a conflict are labeled as the Protagonist and the
Antagonist.
Protagonist: The main character who is faced with a basic problem or struggle.
Antagonist: The person, idea, place or physical force opposing the protagonist.

Plot:
This is the plan of the story.
In the beginning of the story, it introduces the CONFLICT. Then in the middle of the
story COMPLICATIONS are introduced to keep the reader’s interest. As the main
character struggles with those conflicts, the reader’s begin to recognize a growing
tension toward a highest point of interest called CLIMAX.
• Following the Climax is the DENOUEMENT, which is the final solution of the plot. It
should be clear that one side or a character triumphs, a mystery is solved or some
misunderstanding is cleared up.
FORESHADOWING:
A hint of things to come.
A word, a phrase or a sentence can contain an important clue that has been inserted by
the author to prepare the reader for a later event.
CHARACTERIZATION:

There are number of techniques an author can use to help characters come alive.
• A physical description of a character and or a description of the kind of person
he/she is; the writer may tell you that a person is stingy and mean, or kind and
considerate.
• A description by another character.
• The character’s speech
• An explanation of the character’s thoughts.
• The character’s actions.
• The Characters responses and reactions to other characters or to situations.
• A combination of several of these methods.

POINT OF VIEWS:
• First - Person Narrator: The writer usually has a major or minor character who tells
the story in his or her own words. (I said, I did, I remember)
• Third - Person Narrator:
Any character’s actions or thoughts may be described and commented upon by an
omniscient third-person narrator. (All knowing )
A story from a limited third-person narrator presents information that are restricted
when it comes to knowledge of events and other characters.
• TONE: It is the writers attitude towards his or her subject and characters. It may be
sorrowful, sentimental, angry, ironic, sympathetic or objective and impersonal.

• SETTING THE ATMOSPHERE:


• Setting: Time an place of a story.
• It is not a dominant element, but it helps in stablishing the atmosphere.

SYMBOL:
Something that represents or suggests a relationship or association.
In fiction, symbols are often concrete objects used to represent abstract ideas.
THEME:
The central insight or idea on which the story is based.
It is rarely stated, but is mostly implied.
The central insight or underlying idea of a story can often be stated in one or two
sentences.
ANALYSIS OF THE SHORT STORY:
In order to discover the underlying meaning of a story, you need to learn to read more
than just the printed words.
• POETRY:
• Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in tranquility –
William Wordsworth
• It is the rhythmic creation of beauty – Edgar Allan Poe
• It is the union of thought and feeling- Manuel Viray
• HOW TO ANALYZE A POEM?
• Begin with the Poem’s title =The title of the poem is one clear way for a poet to
indicate how to interpret it.
The title helps the reader understand who is being addressed, as well as the direction
of utterance.
GENRE’S OF POETRY:
• Lyric:
The persona is often remembering or creating a capsulized experience , often for
personal benefit or purgation.
Types:
1. Sonnet: A poem of fourteen lines with a prescribed rhyme of scheme. It is highly
personal lyric poem in which the persona reflects on or relives an experience or
describes an object or event.
Petrarchan = Italian ( ABBAABBBA)
Shakespearean = English (ABAB CDCD EFEF GG)
• 2. Elegy:
A serious lyric poem written in memory of someone- often, someone famous,- who has
died . It is eulogy in verse.
3. Ode:
A relatively long lyric poem, often celebrating a specific occasion or praising an object
or idea. The idea is written in a very elevated, sophisticated style of language.
4. Descriptive lyric poetry:
A general type of lyric written in the present tense which has no specifically defined
form.
The persona in a descriptive lyric poem is describing an object, an event, or a private
experience as if it were present or happening now.
• 5. Reflective Lyric Poem:
A general type of lyric, only reflective lyrics are written in the past tense,and the
persona is remembering or reliving an experience or event.
6. Confessional Lyric poetry:
A special category of lyric poetry.
It may be written in any forms just described and reads like an autobiography in verse.

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