PROTOCOLS Jan-19-2016 Protocols • The term protocol refers to a well-known set of rules and
What is formats to be used in order to perform a task. For example, a task of communicating between processes.
?? • Parts of a protocol: - A specification of a sequence of messages that must be exchanged. ? a - A specification of the format of the data in the messages. • Existence of well-known (standard) protocols enables the separate components of the distributed systems to be developed independently in different languages and on different platforms. 3 elements of a protocol: • Syntax • Timing - structure of - temporal commands sequence of and answers commands and answers
• Semantics - set of commands and answers How Protocols Work ?... The entire technical operation by which data is transmitted over the network has to be broken down into discrete, systematic steps. At each step, certain actions take place that cannot take place at any other step. Each step includes its own rules and procedures, or protocol.
The protocol steps must be carried out in a consistent order
that is the same on every computer in the network. In the sending computer, these steps must be executed from the top down. In the receiving computer, these steps must be carried out from the bottom up. The Sending Computer
Protocols at the sending computer:
1. Break the data into smaller sections, called packets, that the protocol can handle. 2. Add addressing information to the packets so that the destination computer on the network can determine that the data belongs to it. 3. Prepare the data for transmission through the NIC and out onto the network cable.
How Protocols Work
The Receiving Computer
Protocols at the receiving computer carry out the same series of
steps in reverse order. They:
1. Take the data packets off the cable.
2. Bring the data packets into the computer through the NIC. 3. Strip the data packets of all the transmitting information that was added by the sending computer. 4. Copy the data from the packets to a buffer for reassembly. 5. Pass the reassembled data to the application in a usable form. How Protocols Work Both sending and receiving computers need to perform each step in the same way so that the data will have the same structure when it is received as it did when it was sent.
For example, two different protocols might each break
data into packets and add on various sequencing, timing, and error checking information, but each will do it differently. Therefore, a computer using one of these protocols will not be able to communicate successfully with a computer that is using the other protocol.
How Protocols Work
Protocol Stacks A protocol stack is a combination of Application Layer protocols. Each layer Initiates a request or accepts a of the stack specifies request a different protocol for handling a function or subsystem of the Presentation Layer communication Adds formatting, display, and process. Each layer encryption information to the has its own set of packet. rules. Session Layer Transport Layer Adds traffic flow Adds error-handling information to determine information when the packet gets Data-link Layer sent. Adds error-checking Network Layer information and prepares Sequencing and address data for going on to the information is added to physical connection. the packet.
Physical Layer Packet sent as a bit stream. Protocol Stacks Transport Protocols Transport protocols facilitate communication sessions between Protocol Description computers and ensure that data is able to move reliably TCP The TCP/IP protocol for guaranteed delivery of sequenced data. between computers. Popular transport protocols are shown in theTable SPX Part of Novell's IPX/SPX protocol suite for sequenced data.
NWLink The Microsoft implementation of the IPX/SPX protocol.
NetBEUI (NetBIOS Establishes communication sessions between computers (NetBIOS) and
extended user provides the underlying data transport services (NetBEUI). interface) ATP (AppleTalk Apple's communication session and data transport protocols. Transaction Protocol) and NBP (Name Binding Protocol) Network Protocols Network protocols provide what are called "link services." Protocol Description These protocols handle addressing and routing information, IP The TCP/IP protocol for packet forwarding routing. error checking, and retransmission requests. Network protocols IPX also define rules NetWare's forforcommunicating protocol in arouting. packet forwarding and particular networking NWLink environment The Microsoftsuch as Ethernet implementation or Token of the IPX/SPX protocol.Ring. Popular network protocols are shown in the Table NetBEUI A transport protocol that provides data transport services for NetBIOS sessions and applications.
DDP (Datagram An AppleTalk data transport protocol.
Delivery Protocol) Implementing and Removing Protocols Protocols are implemented and removed in much the same way that drivers are added and removed. Essential protocols are installed automatically at the same time the initial operating system is installed on the computer. To install protocols such as NWLink after the initial installation, the network operating system usually includes a utility that leads the administrator through the process. For example, a network operating system setup program might provide a series of graphical windows that lead the administrator through the process of:
• Installing a new protocol.
• Changing the order in which the installed protocols have been linked. • Removing a protocol. Lesson Summary: The following points summarize the main elements of this lesson:
• Protocols in a networking environment define the rules and procedures for
transmitting data. • To send data over a network successfully requires a series of separate steps that must be carried out in a prescribed order. • The sending and receiving computers use protocols to: - Break data into packets. - Add addressing information to the packets. - Prepare the packets for transmission. - Take the packets off the cable. - Copy the data from the packets for reassembly. - Pass the reassembled data to the computer. • Several stacks are used as standard protocols; the most prominent standard protocols are based on the OSI reference model layers. • Protocols are implemented and removed in the same manner as drivers. Thank You Submitted by:
