Sampling and

Sampling
Distribution
Review
Sample Problem:
Luz scored 90 in an English test and 70 in a Physics test. Scores
in the English test have a mean of 80 and a standard deviation
of 10. Scores in Physics test have a mean of 60 and standard
deviation of 8. In which subject was her standing better
assuming that the scores in her English and Physics class are
normally distributed?

𝒙−𝝁 𝒙−𝒙ഥ
𝒛= 𝒛=
𝝈 𝒔
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 1. Simple
Random 2. Systematic

Random Sampling

Sampling
Sampling

4. Cluster 3. Stratified

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 Sampling
- used by researchers to acquire a section of the population to perform
an experiment or observational study.

Simple Random Systematic Stratified Cluster

Basic sampling Probability Taking samples Researcher
technique where sampling method from each divides the
we select group of where elements stratum or sub- population into
subject for study. are chosen from a group of a separate groups
target population population called clusters.
by selecting a
random starting
point and a fixed,
periodic interval.

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Parameters vs Statistics
A sample might be drawn from the population, its
mean is calculated, and this value is used as a statistic
or an estimate for the population mean.

Parameters – Statistics –
descriptive measures descriptive measures
computed from a computed from a
population sample

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“
A sampling distribution of sample means is
a frequency distribution using the means
computed from all possible random
samples of specific size taken from a
population.

The number of samples of size n that can

be drawn from a population of size N is
given by NCn.

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“
Example:

A population consists of the numbers 2, 4, 9,

10, and 5. How many possible samples can
be drawn from samples of size 3? List all
possible samples of size 3 from this
population and compute the mean of each
sample.

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 Any mean based on the sample drawn
from a population is expected to
assume different values for the samples.
This leads to a conclusion that sample
mean is a random variable which
depends on a particular sample.

Being a random variable, it has a

probability distribution.

The difference between the sample

mean and the population mean is called
the sampling error.

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Finding the Mean
and Variance of
the Sampling
Distribution of
Means
“
Example:

A population consists of the numbers 1, 2, 3,

4, and 5. Suppose samples of size 2 are
drawn from this population.

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 The Central Limit Theorem
If random samples of size n are drawn
from a population, then as n becomes
larger, the sampling distribution of the
mean approaches the normal
distribution, regardless of the shape of
the population distribution.

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Estimation of
Parameters
Statistical Inference
The processes by which conclusions about
parameters in the population are made based on
sample data.

Estimation Hypothesis Testing

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 Estimate
- is a value or a range of values that approximate a parameter. It is
based on sample statistics computed from sample data.

Estimation Point Estimate Interval Estimate

A process of The mean of the Is a range of
determining means. A specific values that may
parameter numerical value contain the
values. of a population parameter of a
parameter. population.

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Population
Finite Population Infinite Population
-countable population -hypothetical collection of
elements

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A good estimator…
The mean of a sample Across the many
statistic from a large repeated samples, the
number of different estimates are not very
random samples far from the true
equals the true parameter value.
population parameter,
then the sample
statistic is an unbiased
estimate of the
population parameter.

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Compute the means of the column
samples.

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5

500 498 497 503 499

500 500 495 494 498

497 497 502 496 497

501 495 500 497 497

502 497 497 496 496

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Interval Estimate
Also called as confidence interval. It is a range of
values that is used to estimate a parameter. This
estimate may or may not contain the true perimeter
value.

The confidence level Three commonly

of an interval used confidence
estimate contains intervals: 90%, 95%,
the parameter. 99%

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General Formula for Confidence Intervals

𝜎 𝜎
𝑋ത − 𝑧𝛼 < 𝜇 < 𝑡𝑜 𝑋ത + 𝑧𝛼 Point estimate ±margin of
2 𝑛 2 𝑛 error

Lower Confidence Upper Confidence

Limit Limit
𝜎 𝜎
𝑋ത − 𝑧𝛼 𝑋ത + 𝑧𝛼
2 𝑛 2 𝑛

For a 90% confidence interval, 𝑧𝛼 = ±1.65

2
For a 95% confidence interval, 𝑧 = ±1.96
𝛼
2
For a 99% confidence interval, 𝑧 = ±2.58
𝛼
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Example:
A researcher wants to estimate the number of hours that 5-
year old children spend watching television. A sample of 50
five-year old children was observed to have a mean viewing
time of 3 hours. The population is normally distributed with a
population standard deviation 𝛼 = 0.5 hours, find:
a. The best point estimate of the population mean
b. The 95% confidence interval of the population mean

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Confidence Intervals for
the Population Mean
when 𝝈 is Unknown
Assumption in Computing for the
Population Mean when 𝝈 is Unknown
When 𝑛 ≥ 30, and 𝜎 is unknown, the sample standard
deviation 𝑠 can be substituted for 𝜎. However, the
following assumptions should be met.

1. The sample is a 2. Either 𝑛 ≥ 30 or the

random sample. population is
normally distributed
when 𝑛 < 30.

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General expression for the distribution of
values called t-distribution

𝑠 𝑠
𝑋ത − 𝑡 < 𝜇 < 𝑡𝑜 𝑋ത + 𝑡
𝑛 𝑛

The concept of the degrees of freedom is used in the

t-distribution, denoted by df, are the number of values that
are free to vary after a sample statistic has been
computed, and they tell us the specific curve to use when a
distribution consists of a family of curves.

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 Point Estimate for the
Population Proportion 𝝆
.

Proportion
Is a fraction expression where the favorable response is
in numerator and the total number of respondents is in
the denominator. The basic operation involves division.
Thus, the result is a decimal value that can be expressed
as percent.

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Example:
In a survey of 300 individuals, 128 like to watch movies on the
big screen. Estimate the true population proportion p and q
where 𝜌ො is the proportion of those who like to watch movies on
the big screen based on the sample.

𝑋
𝜌ො =
𝑛
𝑞 =1−𝑝

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Computing Interval Estimates of
Population Proportions

𝜌ො 𝑞ො 𝜌ො𝑞ො
𝜌ො − 𝑧𝛼 < 𝜌 < 𝑡𝑜 𝜌ො + 𝑧𝛼
2 𝑛 2 𝑛

Where 𝑞 = 1 − 𝜌

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Example:
A survey of 1200 citizens showed that 715 trust the president.
Compute a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of all
citizens who trust the president.

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