Microprocessor

&
Computer Architecture
Unit-1 : Introduction
Session -1
UE17CS253

Faculty:
Dr. Kiran

PES University
Prof Deepthi
Prof. SHANTHALA P T
 Agenda

Part A – Theory
1.Preamble
2.Syllabus
3.Objective Lesson Plan

Part B – Laboratory
1.Problem Set
a.Programs to be executed in the lab
2.Mini Project
3.Conduction & Evaluation

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 Preamble

1. Motivation
a. Why do we need to Learn Microprocessors?

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MICROPROCESSOR

Brain or Heart Of a computer System???

Statutory Warning: does not resemble anyone over here

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Where is MICROPROCESSOR?

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Where is MICROPROCESSOR?

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Microprocessor

•A silicon chip.
•Three basic characteristics differentiate
microprocessors:
–Instruction set: The set of instructions that the
microprocessor can execute.
–bandwidth : The number of bits processed in a
single instruction.
–clock speed : Given in megahertz (MHz), the clock
speed determines how many instructions per
second the processor can execute.
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Microprocessor

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Why Study Microprocessor??
•Because its part of the Curriculum!!! 
•Everywhere we have devices which are controlled
by “Microprocessor” or “Microcontroller”

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Man in the e-world!!!

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Or is it this 

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Job Description 1

PES University, Bengaluru

Job Description 1

PES University, Bengaluru

Job Description 2

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 Job Description 3

Processor Application Engineer

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Job Description 3

PES University, Bengaluru

Job Description 3

PES University, Bengaluru

Job Description 3

PES University, Bengaluru

 Capgemini
Firmware Developer
Role Description (Role & Responsibilities)
1. Mandatory skills 16bit 32bit Microcontroller Microprocessor
2. Embedded systems Firmware Device driver development experience Programming Strong in C
3. Communication protocols UART CAN SPI Ethernet Modbus TCP IP IDE usage
4. Code composer studio IAR workbench Code warrior RTOS VxWorks FreeRTOS Ti RTOS Bootloader
5. Multi threading concepts Preferred skills Strong in Cplusplus Assembly language experience

Mobiveil: CPU Processor Design

Job Summary:
Bachelors or Masters degree in Computer Science or Electrical/Computer Engineering.

Understanding of general purpose CPU micro architecture, including knowledge of areas

such as processor pipelines, caches, memory hierarchy, and multi-processor systems.
Knowledge and or Experience in RTL Design hardware development using Verilog, ideally block design in a CPU design project
or similar high performance project.

Understanding of CPU instruction set architecture and assembly language.

Familiarity with ARM architecture and micro-architecture for current ARM CPU cores is helpful but not required.

Software development skills and/ or experience is helpful (C/C++, Python/Perl, Shell scripting)
Experience modelling microprocessors using higher-level languages, like C/C++, is helpful but not required
Effective communication skills and the ability to collaborate with a team

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Open-Silicon: Software Engineer
Job Description:

• Solid programming experience in C or C++.

• Adequate knowledge of Object oriented programming and design concepts.
• Should have good knowledge of System software, Microprocessors/Microcontrollers,
Memory subsystem, Hardware IPs .
• Proven experience in embedded systems design with low level driver programming , bootloader, preemptive, multitasking real-
time operating systems
• Should have exposure to scripting language e.g. Perl/Shell/Python etc.
• Experience in hands-on development and troubleshooting on embedded boards.
• Familiarity with software configuration management tools, defect tracking tools, and peer review
Good team player, should be able to handle task independently

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PES University, Bengaluru
Why Study Microprocessor??
•Because its part of the Curriculum!!! 
•Everywhere we have devices which are controlled
by “Microprocessor” or “Microcontroller”

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 Our Choice:

Mostly on----------------

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ARM Partnership Model

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ARM Powered Products

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 Usage
1: The Raspberry Pi 4 1.5 GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A72 ( BCM2837)processor.

2: The Arduino Due : Atmel SAM3X8E ARM Cortex-M3 CPU.

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 Applications

 ARM Based Mine Detection Robot Using GPS Technology

 ARM Based Hospital Enquiry System
 Temperature and Humidity Control System Using ARM and Graphical LCD
 Multi Functional Car With Accident Alert Sensors Using ARM
 ARM Based Vehicle Tracking System Using GPS and GSM
 Biometric fingerprint Identification based Bank Locker Security System Using
ARM
 ARM Base Automated Bus Arrival Announcement System for the Blind Persons.
 ARM Based Digital Notice Board Using GSM

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Some Projects for Motivation

Raspberry Pi Surveillance Camera with Motion Capture

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ARM Processor
•ARM originally stood for Acorn RISC Machine
•Motorola – 68,000 transistors, 16 bit chip
•Intel 286 – 134,000 transistors, 16 bit chip
•ARM2 - 30k transistors, 32 bit chip
•Simple, fast, low power, cheap
•Early years sold few thousand processors per
year
•Now about 5 billion per year
•The first commercial RISC implementation

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Why ARM?
•One of the most licensed and thus widespread
processor cores in the world
–Used in PDA, cell phones, multimedia players, handheld game
console, digital TV and cameras
–ARM7: GBA: Game Boy Advance- 32bit handheld videogame
console, iPod
–ARM9: NDS: Dual screen handheld game console.
PSP : Play Station Portable – Games , Sony Ericsson, BenQ
–ARM11: Apple iPhone, Nokia N93, N800 : Tablet
–75% of 32-bit embedded processors
•Used especially in portable devices due to
• Its low power consumption and
• Reasonable performance

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 Objectives: UE18CS253

CObj1:
Introduce concepts of basic processor architecture and its design

CObj2:
Introduce concepts of pipeline architecture and hazards

CObj3:
Bring in the study of memory hierarchy, cache memory and its optimizations

CObj4:
Introduce multi core processor architecture and programming

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 Outcomes:

UE18CS253CO1 Demonstrate the ability to understand the design of different

instruction sets like RISC/CISC and their addressing modes

UE18CS253CO2 Demonstrate the ability to understand the design of a

pipelined processor and its challenges

UE18CS253CO3 Demonstrate the use of tools to analyse the

performance of programs on different architectures
UE18CS253CO4 design alternative memory hierarchy layouts and
optimizations
UE18CS253CO5 Demonstrate and appreciate modern trends in
architecture such as multicore architectures

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Books

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Part B –UE17CS257: MPCA Laboratory

1.Problem Set
a.Programs to be executed in the lab
2.Mini Project
3.Conduction & Evaluation

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 Part B - Laboratory

Conduction and Evaluation

a.Every problem statement given has to be executed in the regular lab.
b.Project may be to demonstrate the knowledge and usage of
Microprocessors.
c.Project team size may be a maximum of 3.
d.Weekly review & evaluation for all teams during lab # 9 to 12.

ISA is done as follows.

a.Programs 1 to 8 are executed during regular labs and evaluated for 25

marks.
a.Regular Lab execution evaluated for 25 marks
b.Observation : 10 marks
c.Viva Voce : 05 marks
b. Mini project : To be evaluated for 20 marks in the 9 to 12 lab

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Part B - Laboratory

Mini Projects

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 Agenda

•Computer Organization
•Computer Architecture
•Microprocessor
•MP - Evolution
•Microcontroller
•Summary

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Computer Organization
•Computer Organization refers to
the Operational Units and there
interconnections that realize or
recognize the specifications of
Computer Architecture.

•Organizational attributes includes

Hardware details transparent to
the programmer such as control
signals , Interface between
computers and peripherals and the
memory technology used.

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 Computer Architecture
•Computer Architecture
refers to those attributes
of a system visible to a
programmer, the other way
those attributes that have
direct impact on the
logical execution of the
program.

•Architectural attributes include the instruction set, the no of bits

used to represent the data types, Input Output mechanism and
technique for addressing memories.

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 Microprocessor
•A microprocessor is a computer processor that
incorporates the functions of a computer's central
processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated
circuit (IC).
•Multi purpose programmable device.
•Accepts digital data as input, processes it according
to instructions stored in its memory, and provides
results as output.
•Brain of the computer.
•Multiple microprocessors, working together, are the
"hearts" of datacenters, super-computers,
communications products, and other digital devices.
•Don’t have RAM, ROM, and other peripheral on the
chip
•Desktop PC’s, Laptops, notepads .
•Intel’s Pentium 1,2,3,4, core 2 duo, i3, i5 etc

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 Microprocessor

•Memory , I/O and other components have to be connected externally.

•Cannot be used in compact systems.
•Power Consumption is High.
• Has less number of registers, hence more operations are memory
based.

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 Microcontroller
•Microcontroller has a CPU, in addition with a fixed
amount of RAM, ROM and other peripherals all
embedded on a single chip.
•Also termed as a mini computer or a computer on a
single chip.
•Designed to perform specific tasks.
• Requires small resources like RAM, ROM, I/O ports etc.
and hence can be embedded on a single chip.
•Reduces the size and the cost.
•Applications : Washing machine, Digicam, Pendrive,
Remote, Microwave, Cars, Bikes, Telephone, Mobiles,
Watches, etc.
• Manufacturers : ATMEL, Microchip, Texas Ins.,
Freescale, Philips, Motorola etc.,

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 Microcontroller
•Has Processor, Memory with Input / Output components connected internally.

•Can be used in compact systems.

•External components are low, total power consumption is less.

• Has more number of registers, hence the programs are easier to write.

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PES University, Bengaluru
 Microprocessor - Evolution
4004 Nov. 15,1971
8008 April 1972
8080 April 1974
8085 March 1976
8086 June 8, 1978
8088 June 1979
80286 Feb. 1982
i80386 1985 - 1990
I80486 1989 - 1992
Intel Pentium 1993 - 1999
Intel Pentium MMX 1996 - 1999
2008 - 2009 (as Centrino Atom)
Intel Atom
2008–present (as Atom)
Intel Celeron 1998–present
Intel Pentium Pro 1995 - 1998
Intel Pentium II 1997 - 1999
Intel Pentium III 1999 - 2003
Intel Xeon 1998–present
Pentium 4 2000 - 2008
Pentium 4 2000 - 2008
Pentium M 2003 - 2008
Pentium D/EE 2005 - 2008 PES University, Bengaluru
Intel Pentium Dual-Core 2006 - 2009
Intel Pentium (2009) 2009–present
Intel Core 2006 - 2008
Intel Core 2 2006 - 2011
Intel Core i3 2010–present
Intel Core i5 2009–present
Intel Core i7 2008–present
Intel Core i7 (Extreme Edition) 2011–present
Intel Core i9 2018–present
Intel Core i9 (Extreme Edition) Q3 2017–present

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 ARM Processors

ARM 1 to ARM 6
ARM 7, ARM 7T, ARM 7EJ,
ARM8, ARM 9T, ARM 9E
ARM10E, ARM11

Microcontrollers: Cortex-M,
Real Time: Cortex-R
Application Profile: Cortex-A (32 bit), Cortex-A (64 bit)

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PES University, Bengaluru
RISC:
LOAD R1, A
LOAD R2, B CISC:
NOT R2, R2
ADD R2, R2, 1 SUBMEM C, A, B
ADD R2, R2, R1
STORE C,R2

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http://www.davespace.co.uk/arm/introduction-to-arm/logical.html

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