Nanobiotics

Dr Jayakumar
Professor of Biochemistry
PMS Dental College
25/04/2019
Nanoscale and nanostructures
 Nanoparticals

• A particle having one or more dimensions of

the order of 100nm or less.

 Synthesis
Two types

1. Top down approach

2. Bottom up approach
Types
Nano particles in medicine
 Macroscopic approach

Object manufactured to provide

function

•MRI
•Scanner
•Scalpel
•Artificial heart
•syringes
 Molecular domain
Molecules to interact at sub-cellular level.

• Drugs
 NANO approach

• Manufactured objects with tunable functions

that can interact at the sub-cellular level.

• Nanoparticles can target a bacterial cell
individually which increases the
effectiveness of the antimicrobial agent and
decreases resistance development against it.

• Some nanomaterials can also play the role of

the antibiotic agent themselves.
Nanoparticals in diagnosis
• Only nanomedicine allows the design of

objects that could deliver physical mode of

action (functions) at the sub-cellular level.

 What is nanothecnology
• Nanotechnology is a technology that exploits
the properties of compounds at the nano-
scale (1-100nm).

• In nanotechnology, we are trying partially to

imitate nature and to build things starting
with atoms.
Growth of nanotechnology in India
Application of nanotechnology
 What are Nanobiotics

• Nanobiotics are nanomaterials which either

show antimicrobial activity by themselves or

enhance the properties of existing antibiotic.

 Mechanism of nanoparticles

1. Ag NPs can attach to the surface of bacterial

cell membrane and distrub its functions like:

permeability.
• They are able to penetrate the bacterial cell

and interact with sulfur and phosphorus-

containing compounds such as DNA.

3. They affect bacterial signal transduction and

inhibit bacterial growth.

 Nanopollution
• It can float in air might easily penetrate

animal and plant cells causing unknown

effects because of the greater its surface area

to volume ratio.
• Nanoparticles have high chemical reactivity
and this results in increased production of
reactive oxygen species including free
radicals that is one of the primary
mechanisms of nanoparticles toxicity.
• Infections commonly occur in healthcare
settings among sick patients whose care
requires devices like ventilators or
intravenous catheters, and patients who are
taking long courses of certain antibiotics.

• Klebsiella bacteria have developed

antimicrobial resistance, most recently to the
class of antibiotics known as carbapenems.
 Nanoparticles in health care system

• Nano particles used in diagnosis and treatment

of diseases.

• Eg: cancer and bacterial infections especially

after the presence of antibiotics resistance.

3- nitric oxide nanoparticle (NO NPS )
• Size:10-15 nm

• MIC =10 mg/ml in 24 hours

• It is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents

 Mechanism of action

• Alteration of the bacterial membrane

(nitrosation of protein thiols and the
nitrosylation of metal centers).
• The studies found that the nitric oxide-
releasing nanoparticle were active against
many different strains of bacteria that were
sensitive and resistant to most commonly used
antibiotics including Klebsiella pneumoniae.
 Pharmacokinetics of nanobiotics
• The maximum adsorption and toxicity was at
acidic pH =5 with 20c temperature.

• The minimum adsorption and toxicity was at

basic pH=9 with same temperature.

• Effect of nanobiotics can be changed

according to pH.
 2-Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on
pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation
• Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are
reported to possess anti-microbial activity.

• These particles significantly can reduce the

skin infection, bacterial load and inflammation
in mice .
BIOFILM
 Optical
MRI Gd-doped Nanophosphor
Gd-doped Nanophosphor In-Vivo Diagnostics
Multimodal Nanoplatforms
for
Medical Imaging

SPECT/CT PET
124I labeled-ORMOSIL
125I labeled-ORMOSIL
M. Nyk, P.N.Prasad et al, Nano Letters, 2008, 8(11):3834; R. Kumar, P.N.Prasad et al. Avd. Func. Mater. (In Press, 2008)

The Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics www.photonics.buffalo.edu

 Gene delivery using nanoparticles
•Electrostatic gene condensation
•Efficient cellular entry
•Non-toxicity
•High gene expression/silencing
Nanoplex

Gene Augmentation e.g. CFTR gene in Cystic Fibrosis Gene Silencing e.g. Oncogene in Cancer

Nanoplex Nanoplex

Protein Protein
Endosome Endosome

Nucleus Nucleus

The Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics www.photonics.buffalo.edu

 Mechanism of action
• ZnO nanoparticle-coated surfaces inhibit
bacterial biofilm formation and increase
antibiotic susceptibility.

• They showed hydroxyl radicals, originating

from the coated surface had a main role in
anti-biofilm activity, but its effect is less to
remove pre-formed biofilm.
 Nanoparticles in treating
staphylococcus aureus infections
• Staphylococcus aureus is a gram positive
bacteria, it’s a common cause of many
diseases.
• MRSA is a worldwide problem.
• S. aureus bacteria able to produce biofilms if
they were on biomaterial implants like
catheters, artificial joints and heart valves that
impede the entrance of antibiotics.
Application of Nanobiotics in dentistry
• In dentistry, drug loaded nanopharmaceuticals
based on nanomaterials have been utilized
extensively over the past few years to cure
dental problems and facilitate attainment of a
near-perfect oral hygiene.
Conventional materials used in
dentistry
The different approach of nanoparticles used in dentistry
Different nanoparticles used in application dentistry
 Different approches of
nanoparicles applied in dentistry
Dental application in nanoparicles
 NANODELIVERY OF DENTAL
THERAPEUTICS
• Among the nanoceuticals studied and
developed for the treatment of dental
ailments, majority are directed towards the
treatment of periodontitis.
• Although various drug delivery systems have
already been investigated for treating
periodontitis, a few of which include dental
fibers, gels, films, strips and compacts.
• In this context a few nanodelivery systems
explored include nanocomposite hydrogels,
nanoparticles (NPs), nanoemulsions.
• A few examples of polymers investigated as
matrices for the delivery of drugs to the
periodontal pocket include caprolactone,
polylactic acid, polypropylene, cellulose
acetate propionate and ethyl vinyl acetate.
• Tetracycline NPs loaded calcium sulfate
composite beads prepared exhibited
antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus
aureus and Escherichia coli and were
concluded to be beneficial in periodontal
management to reduce the bacterial load at
the infection site.
• A study reported that compared to the other
NPs, silver NPs had an antimicrobial effect on
Streptococcus mutans, which is the main
causative microorganism of dental caries, in
lower concentrations and with lower toxicity
• Besides the therapeutic advantages, advances in
digital dental imaging techniques are also
expected with nanotechnology. In digital
radiographies obtained by nanophosphor
scintillators, the radiation dose is diminished and
high-quality images are obtained.
• Aluminosilicate powder with a mean particle size
of 80 nm and a 1:4 M ratio of alumina to silica
and a refractive index of 1.508 was used as the
nanofiller with advantages of superior hardness,
superior flexural strength, modulus of elasticity,
and translucency with 50% reduction in filling
shrinkage and excellent handling properties.
 Conclusion
• In the light of the above facts the application of
nanotechnology based nanomedicines cannot be
undermined in the improvement of dental health
and hygiene both, in the current as well as in future
scenario.
• Although, it is proved beyond doubt that
comprehensive oral hygiene as well as health can be
easily maintained using nanodentistry supported by
the principles of biotechnology and genetic
engineering, the risk and toxicity associated with the
use of such nanotherapeutics need more extensive
investigation and understanding.
• Besides this, the cost effectiveness should also
be considered as an important parameter by
researchers for enhancing patient acceptance
of such nano-devices.
Thank you