October 2019

Power Quality

Waseem iqbal
Assistant Professor
Electrical Engineering Department
University of Management and technology

Renewable Electrical Energy Resources EE407

Contents (Chapter# 03)

1. Power quality
2. Harmonics
3. Total harmonics distortion
4. Harmonics and overloaded neutrals
5. Harmonics in transformer
Power quality

Power quality problems

Harmonics

Nonlinear “gulps”
• Blown circuit breakers
• Computer malfunctions
• Transformer failures
• Fires caused by overloaded
Variable speed drive 3-phase ground overloading
Harmonics distortion
• Gulps of current

Electronic blast
Total harmonics distortion

A series representation of a current waveform

The rms value of current

square of a sum of terms

Total harmonics distortion cont’d…

We know that

Total harmonic distortion

In power systems, lower THD means reduction in peak currents, heating, emissions,
and core loss in motors.
Example

A harmonic analysis of the current drawn by a CFL yields the following data. Find the
rms value of current and the total harmonic distortion (THD).
Solution:

The sum of the first through seventh Harmonic current spectrum for an 18-W,
harmonics of current for the CFL. electronic-ballast compact fluorescent
lamp. Currents are rms values.
 Harmonics and voltage notching

• There will be a voltage drop in the

connecting lines during current surges
• When notching is a potential problem,
capacitors may be added to help smooth
the waveform

A simple circuit to illustrate voltage notching

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnu Source voltage, line current, voltage drop across

mber=4592771 the line, and resulting notched voltage to the load
Harmonics and overloaded neutrals

Current in the neutral wire

For balanced three-phase currents, with no harmonics

With third harmonics

Showing the neutral line current in a four-wire,

three-phase, wye connected circuit.
Harmonics and overloaded neutrals cont’d..

the current in the neutral wire

each out of phase with the other by 120◦—is zero, the fundamental currents drop out

In terms of rms values

For even harmonics

Example

A four-wire, wye-connected balanced load has phase currents described by the

following harmonics. Find the rms current flowing in the neutral wire and compare it to
the rms phase current.
Solution:
Assuming the fundamental is 60 Hz

the neutral wire will carry

the rms current in each phase

Harmonics in transformer

Hysteresis due to magnetic materials

• Soft magnetic materials (cast iron, cast steel, etc.)
• Hard magnetic materials (carbon steel, cobalt steel, etc.)

Eddy current loss

• I2R losses in core, which is reduced by laminations
Transformer

Hyteresis loops
Discussion

Thanks
?