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Scalars
Mathematics Review
Quadratic equation : Trigonometry :
ax 2 bx c 0 c cos q
b
c
b b 2 4ac a
x q a
2a sin q
b c
a
tan q
Differential calculus : Integral calculus : b
d n n 1
at ant n 1 at
dt at n dt
n 1
d t 1
e e t
dt et dt et
d 1
sin( t ) cos( t )
dt sin( t )dt
cos( t )
9/3/2013 PHY 113 C Fall 2013 -- Lecture 3 2
Definition of a vector
1. A vector is defined by its length and direction.
b
a
Vector subtraction:
a
a–b
-b
Law of cosines:
a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc cos
a b b2 = c2 + a2 - 2ca cos
g c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos g
Law of sines:
a b c
sin sin sin g
Law of cosines:
a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc cos
a b b2 = c2 + a2 - 2ca cos
g c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos g
c=?
Start treasure East
10m 15
20o m
A pirate map gives directions to
buried treasure following the
indicated arrows. A physics
students decides to take the
easterly direct route after
South computing the distance c.
6m
= 10 m
4m
6N 10 N = 4N
When two vectors are joined
tail to tail
Complete the parallelogram
The resultant is found by
drawing the diagonal
5N
5
ac 13 N
12 b c
Direction of ac : tan q 12
5
12
q tan 1 67 Resultant displacement is 13 N 67º
5 with the 5 N force
Find the magnitude (correct to two decimal places) and direction of the
resultant of the three forces shown below.
Solution:
Find the resultant of the two 5 N forces first (do right angles first)
ac 52 52 50 7.07 N
5 d 5 c
tan q 1 q 45
5
Now find the resultant of the 10 N and
5N
5
7.07 N forces
The 2 forces are in a straight line (45º + 90º
θ
45º
a
135º = 180º) and in opposite directions 135º 5N b
y
component
x
• Here we see a table
y=25 N
being pulled by a force of
30º
50 N at a 30º angle to the x=43.3 N
horizontal
• When resolved we see
We can see that it
that this is the same as
would be more
pulling the table up with a efficient to pull the
force of 25 N and pulling table with a
it horizontally with a force horizontal force of
of 43.3 N 50 N
• If a vector of magnitude v and makes an angle θ with the
horizontal then the magnitude of the components are:
• x = v Cos θ
y=v Sin θ
• y = v Sin θ y
θ
x=vx Cos θ
Proof:
x y
Cosq Sin q
v v
x vCosq y vSinq
A force of 15 N acts on a box as shown. What is the
horizontal component of the force?
Solution:
Horizontal Component
x 15Cos60 7.5 N
Component
12.99 N
Vertical
Vertical Component
y 15Sin 60 12.99 N 60º
Horizontal 7.5 N
Component
• A person in a wheelchair is moving up a ramp at
constant speed. Their total weight is 900 N. The ramp
makes an angle of 10º with the horizontal. Calculate
the force required to keep the wheelchair moving at
constant speed up the ramp. (You may ignore the
effects of friction).
Solution:
If the wheelchair is moving at constant speed (no acceleration), then the
force that moves it up the ramp must be the same as the component of
it’s weight parallel to the ramp.
Complete the parallelogram.
Component of weight
parallel to ramp: 10º
Component of weight
perpendicular to ramp: 886.33 N
900 N
900Cos10 886.33 N
• If a vector of magnitude v has two
perpendicular components x and y, and v
makes and angle θ with the x component
then the magnitude of the components
are:
• x= v Cos θ
• y= v Sin θ y=v Sin θ y
θ
x=v Cosθ
EXERCISES
EXERCISES
Copyright © John O’Connor
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