Content Standard:

Introduction to Philosophy

The learner understands the meaning and process

of the Human Person

of doing philosophy.

Performance Standard:
The learner reflects on a concrete experience in a
philosophical way.
 Learning Competencies:
Introduction to Philosophy

1. Distinguish a holistic perspective from a

of the Human Person

partial point of view.

2. Recognize human activities that emanated
from deliberated reflection.
3. Realize the value of doing philosophy in
obtaining a broad perspective on life.
4. Do a philosophical reflection on a concrete
situation from a holistic perspective.
 What is Philosophy?
philos=love
Philosophy Love of Wisdom
Sophia=wisdom

Love=strong desire for a particular object

Wisdom=correct application of knowledge
The word PHILOSOPHY is derived from Greek word
‘philosophia’ which means LOVE FOR WISDOM or
simply CURIOSITY.

CURIOSITY is the basis of every subject.

As a love of wisdom, philosophy urges the human
person to constantly chase for wisdom which
demands lifelong practice and commitment.
KNOWLEDGE
VS
WISDOM
 Philosophy= is defined as science that studies
beings in their ultimate causes, reason and
Introduction

principles through the aid of human reason alone.

Being/Beings=all things that exist: material or immaterial
 Philosophy as critical
self-examination, as
the will to not just live
life, but to constantly
question and evaluate
it at the same time.
Explains the meaning
of life and the world
we live in. It's a way to
cultivate one’s mind.
Buddhists believe that
happiness stems from
the mind.
 belief that human beings
are fundamentally good,
and teachable, improvable,
and perfectible through
personal and communal
endeavor, especially self-
cultivation and self-
creation.
we can learn from
and see how our
life changes when
we put them into
practice.
 Karl Jaspers
Questions are more
important than answers
because answers
themselves will in turn
become questions!
1. Philosophy as the quest for truth

HumanPhilosophy
beings asuses:
having a
Most Important Questions:
natural inclination
Reason to ask
Existence
fundamental
Sense Perception
questions
Natural World
that probe
Empathy into the
Human Relations
significance
Imagination
and meaning
Divine Being
of their
intuition
earthly life.
Louis P. Pojman
(2006)
 2. Philosophy as the search for beliefs
Philosophy

that are rationally justified.

Introduction

It urges us to re-examine all

our beliefs and ideas and
evaluate them to check
Doing

whether they are rationally

justified.
William F. Lawhead
(2012)
 3. Philosophy as an Activity
Philosophy
Introduction

Skills that a person develop

in studying philosophy are
incorporated in the daily
routine of the person which
eventually becomes a
Doing

habit.

Ludwig Wittgenstein
(2004)
 Basic questions in Philosophy:
 What is the origin of the world, of everything that
Introduction

exist?
 Why do these things exist, rather than not exist at all?
 Is there God? If so, how can we justify the goodness of
God in the face of evil?
 What is the meaning and purpose of life? Why do we
have to suffer?
 If one is suffering from an unbearable pain, such as
cancer, is it morally right to resort to euthanasia?
Major Branches of Philosophy
Metaphysics Epistemology

Logic Ethics
1. METAPHYSICS is the foundation of philosophy
META and PHYSIKA

Study of things beyond the physical; concepts or things

that cannot be experienced

Parts of Metaphysics It is the 1st

1. General Metaphysics/Ontology PHILOSOPHY
2. Special Metaphysics
• Cosmology
• Psychology or Anthropology
• Natural Theology or theodicy
 ONTOLOGY or General Metaphysics
Introduction

onto logos LOGOS IS

REASON or the
(being or that which is) (knowledge or study) underlying
principle of all that
is.
Basic questions in ontology
• What is being?
• Why do things exist rather than not exist at all?
• What is the meaning and nature of reality?
• What is the underlying principle of all that exist?
• Is there nothing?
Heraclitus
 THEODICY OR NATURAL THEOLOGY
theos = God Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Introduction

 study of God
 justification of the goodness of God in the
face of the existence of evil
Basic questions in Theodicy
• Is there God?
• What and who is God if He exist at all? 1710 work: Theodicee
• If God exist, how do we justify the existence of evil and suffering
in the world?
• Does a belief in God really necessary?
 kosmos=world Study the world(or
Introduction

universe including its

COSMOLOGY origin, dynamics, as
logos=study well as the laws that
govern its order.
Basic questions in Cosmology
• What is the origin of the world?
• What is the basic material of which the world is formed?
• How do things arise?
• In what consists its fundamental form or principle of order?
• Is the world or universe infinite?
2. Epistemology is the study of the
nature and the scope of knowledge and
justified belief. It analyzes the nature
of knowledge and how it relates to
similar notions, such as truth, belief,
and justification.
EPISTEMOLOGY asks
questions such as:
1. 1. What is knowledge?
2. 2. How is knowledge acquired?
3. 3. What do people know?
 3. LOGIC
logos=science of correct thinking
Introduction

 study of the principles and criteria of a valid argument

 distinguish sound or good reasoning from unsound or bad reasoning
Basic questions in Logic
• What is correct reasoning?
• What distinguishes a good argument from a bad one?
• How can we detect a fallacy in argument?
• What are the criteria in determining the validity of an
argument?
• What are the types of logic?
 4. ETHICS ETHICS ≠MORALITY
ethos=custom or habit
 morality of human actions theory practice
Introduction

 how human persons ought to act and the search

for a definition of a right conduct and good life
Basic questions in Ethics
• What is a right conduct as that which causes the realization
of the greatest good?
• How do we determine a right conduct?
in other words, what makes a right conduct right?
• What is a good life and can we attain it?
• What do people think is right?
 ON PARTIAL SEEING
Doing Philosophy

“ BLIND MEN AND THE ELEPHANT”

Guide Questions:
1. What is an elephant?
2. How did the blind men experienced the elephant?
3. Why did they dispute?
4. Why is each one partly is the right one?
5. If each one is right why they are disputing?
 • holistic
Doing Philosophy

• Meaning
• Partial
Doing
Philosophy
• See the whole

• Process
• See the part
 DOING PHILOSOPHY
Doing Philosophy

 to ask questions
 to reflect
 to formulate argument

Philosophy begins in
wonder!
 Philosophical Reflection
Doing Philosophy

The act of giving time to think about the

meaning and purpose of life
TYPES: -Gabriel Marcel

Primary Reflection Secondary Reflection

= fragmented and = integrates the fragmented
and compartmentalized
compartmentalized
experience into a
thinking coherent whole
= instrumental thinking Philosophical Reflection =
“means-end” kind of thinking Secondary Reflection
 Philosophical reflection as a tool in doing
Doing Philosophy

philosophy…
 To see the inter-connectedness and inter-
dependence of people actions and events as
well as our direct relation to them.
 Allows us to deepen our understanding about
ourselves as well as our role and place in the
world.
 Constructing and Evaluating Arguments
Doing Philosophy

Argument – set of statements that aim to prove

that something is true or false.
Statement – asserts or claims that something is
true or not.
Conclusion – claim that is being made, which may
either assert that something is true or false.
Premises – statements that serve as evidence or
support for the conclusion.
 Premise 1 : All human beings are mortal.
Doing Philosophy

Premise 2 : The president is a human being.

Conclusion : Therefore, the president is mortal.

Sound Argument – premises are all true and it has

a valid logical structure or form.
 NECESSARY SKILLS NEEDED IN DOING PHILOSOPHY
Doing Philosophy

Philosophical reflection & Construction & evaluation

of argument

Enables us to look deeper into Allows us to express our ideas

our experiences and see the in a systematic way: allows us
bigger picture of reality. to examine the ideas of other
people.
 Thinking Process (LOGIC) Behind the Dispute
Doing Philosophy

“My view is my view.” “Your view is your view.”

Mathematics: Principles of Equality

A=A
Logic: Principle of Identity
“What is, is.”

Parmenedis of Elea
 Thinking Process (LOGIC) Behind the Dispute
Doing Philosophy

“My view is not your view.” “Your view is not my view.”

Mathematics: Principles of Inequality

A≠not -A
Logic: Principle of Identity
“What is, is not not -is.”

Parmenedis of Elea
 Thinking Process (LOGIC) Behind the Dispute
Doing Philosophy

Mathematics: Principles of Transitivity

If A=B, and B=C, then A= C

Parmenedis of Elea

If your view is not my view, Y= -M

and my view is right, M= R
then your view is not right. / Y≠ -R
 Thinking Process (LOGIC) Behind the Dispute
Doing Philosophy

If your view is not my view, Minor premise

and my view is right, Major Premise
then your view is not right. Conclusion
 Thinking Process (LOGIC) Behind the Dispute
Doing Philosophy

Why must one choose only one, and

never have it both ways?
Should the dispute be the end or should
the dispute ended?

Parmenedis of Elea
 Thinking Process (LOGIC) Behind the Dispute
Doing Philosophy

“Either my view or your view is right, never both.”

Logic: Principle of the excluded Middle

“Either it is or it is not, never both”

Why must choose only one and never have it

both ways?
Should the dispute be the end or should the
dispute be ended?
Aristotle of Stagira
 What is Philosophy of the Human Person?
Doing Philosophy

 The Human Person as a Subject

- as humans we do not see one another as
animals because we have a distinctive ability as
humans to relate to one another in a meaningful
way, that is, we have the ability to treat others not
as objects but as subjects.
“I” as a “You”
-Scruton
  Knowing Thyself: Towards a Life Worth Living
Doing Philosophy

“Human person as a rational being.”

-Aristotle
“Humans must live according to his nature”
-Ayn Rand
“An unexamined life is not worth living.”
-Socrates
 “Ang buhay na hindi kinilatis ay hindi buhay tao.”
Doing Philosophy

-Roque Ferriols

Dehumanization and the Need for Philosophy of

the Human Person
 On Slavery
 The Holocaust and Genocide
 On Death Penalty
 Answer the following questions:
Doing Philosophy

1. Cite and explain at least two definitions of

philosophy.
2. Enumerate the four main branches of philosophy
and briefly describe them.
3. Compare and contrast primary and secondary
reflection.
4. What is an argument and how it is essential in
doing philosophy?
 Answer the following questions:
Doing Philosophy

5. What is the importance of philosophy to a

person’s life and to the society at large?
6. How can the subject Philosophy of the Human
Person improve your relationship with other
people?
 Activity
Doing Philosophy

Write a reflection paper based on one of the pictures

below.
Rubric for Reflection Paper (10pts each criterion)
Formulate 3 questions that you find worth pondering based on the
a. Questions picture you have chosen.
Identify and explain (an) idea/s from the discussion above that is
b. Philosophical Concept are relevant to the picture.
Recall and highlight a parallel personal experience and relate it to
c. Significance the idea/s discussed.
Cite 2 valuable lessons learned from the entire discussion of this
d. Insights chapter.
Resolve to act on issues against the human person and do
e. Response something good for positive social change.
 Activity
Doing Philosophy

Write a reflection paper based on one of the pictures

below.
Rubric for Reflection Paper (10pts each criterion)
10 pts. Cover more than all the expected course topics.
8 pts. Cover all course topics.
5 pts. Cover some course topics.
2 pts. Do not cover any course topics
o No output
Doing Philosophy
 Paper: 8.5x11
Doing Philosophy

Font: Calibri
Font size: 12
Alignment: Justify
Footnote: Name/Section/Date
Right side of the paper
Example:
lblinatoc/HUMMS11-A/08-01-2019