A brief revision from CSE2NEF

for understanding MANET and WSN

routing algorithms
OSI Layering and TCP/IP
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)
Reference Model
 Application: Network applications such as
terminal emulation and file transfer

 Presentation: Formatting of data and

encryption

 Session: Establishment and maintenance of

sessions
 Transport: Provision of reliable and unreliable
end-to-end delivery

 Network: Packet delivery, including routing

 Data Link: Framing of units of information

and error checking

 Physical: Transmission of bits on the physical

hardware
TCP/IP architectural model
 Consists of two Protocols:

◦ Transmission control Protocol (Transport Layer)

◦ Internet protocol (Network Layer)

Note that TCP/IP do not follow the strict OSI

architecture.
Internetworking
 The main design goal of TCP/IP was to build
an interconnection of networks, referred to as
an internetwork, or internet, that provided
universal communication services over
heterogeneous physical networks that are
geographically separated.
 (note that Internet is an internet; but not the

other way round)

TCP/IP Layer
Application Layer
 The application layer is provided by the program
that uses TCP/IP for communication.
 An application is a user process cooperating
with another process usually on a different host
(there is also a benefit to application
communication within a single host).
 Examples of applications include Telnet and the
File Transfer Protocol (FTP).
 The interface between the application and
transport layers is defined by port numbers and
sockets.
Transport Layer
 The transport layer provides the end-to-end
data transfer by delivering data from an
application to its remote peer.
 Multiple applications can be supported

simultaneously.
 The most-used transport layer protocol is the

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which

provides connection-oriented reliable data
delivery, duplicate data suppression,
congestion control, and flow control.
The UDP
 User Datagram Protocol provides
connectionless, unreliable, best-effort
service.
 As a result, applications using UDP as the

transport protocol have to provide their own

end-to-end integrity, flow control, and
congestion control, if it is so desired.
 Usually, UDP is used by applications that

need a fast transport mechanism and can

tolerate the loss of some data.
Internetwork Layer
 the network layer, provides the "virtual network"
image of an internet (this layer shields the
higher levels from the physical network
architecture below it).
 Internet Protocol (IP) is the most important
protocol in this layer.
 It is a connectionless protocol that doesn't
assume reliability from lower layers.
 IP does not provide reliability, flow control, or
error recovery. These functions must be
provided at a higher level.
IP Functionalities
 IP provides routing functionalities through
the use of routing protocols.
 A message unit in an IP network is called an

IP datagram.
 Other internetwork layer protocols are IP,

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol),

IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol),
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) and RARP
(Reverse ARP – obsolete).
Network Access Layer
 Consists of data link layer and the physical
layer (usually at the hardware level or called
NIC – Network Interface Controller).
 This interface may or may not provide reliable

delivery, and may be frame or stream

oriented.
 IP does not assume anything about the

Network Access Layer

TCP/IP architecture
Bridges
 Interconnects LAN segments at the network
interface layer level and forwards frames
between them.
 A bridge performs the function of a MAC

(Media Access Control – sublayer of Data Link

Layer) relay, and is independent of any higher
layer protocol (including the logical link
protocol). It provides MAC layer protocol
conversion, if required.
Bridges
 A bridge is said to be transparent to IP. That
is, when an IP host sends an IP datagram to
another host on a network connected by a
bridge, it sends the datagram directly to the
host and the datagram "crosses" the bridge
without the sending IP host being aware of it.
Routers
 Interconnects networks at the internetwork
layer level and routes packets between them.
 The router must understand the addressing

structure associated with the networking

protocols it supports and take decisions on
whether, or how, to forward packets.
 Routers are able to select the best

transmission paths and optimal packet sizes.

Gateways (not IP Gateways)
 They interconnect two networks at higher
layer than router (typically at the application
layer: if so, they may be called application
gateways)
 Eg. Includes firewall, worm walls, Intrusion

detection system