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RATE OF
REACTION
TYPE OF RATE OF REACTION
Fast reaction
: Take a shorter time for
reaction to complete Slow Reaction
therefore rate of reaction : Take a longer time for reaction
is higher to complete
Therefore, rate of reaction is
lower
Rusting of iron
4Fe(s) + 3O2 + xH2O → 2Fe2O3•xH2O(s)
Precipitation of Sulfur
HCl(aq) + Na2S2O3 → 2NaCl(aq) + S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)
Reaction between sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Pecipitation: ∝ 1
Reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid
Time taken for precipitation
and sodium thiosulphate
Measurement Rate of Reaction
■ Definisi
Rate of Reaction :Changes in the quantity of the reactant or the product of the reaction against
time.
Time taken
The rate of reaction can be measured as
AVARAGE RATE OF REACTION : the average rate that took place over a certain period of time
.
a.g s-1
b.mol s-1
[Jisim atom relatif: C, 12; O, 16; Ca, 40]
✍ Example 1.1(b)
In one experiment, zinc powder was added to the dilute hydrochloric acid. Accumulated gas bubbles.
Volume of collected gas is recorded every 20 seconds. The following table shows the results obtained.
Dalam satu eksperimen, serbuk zink ditambahkan kepada asid hidroklorik cair. Gelembung-gelembung
gas terkumpul. Isipadu gas yang terkumpul direkodkan setiap 20 saat. Jadual berikut menunjukkan
keputusan yang diperolehi.
a. Draw the graph of total volume of gas against time on graph paper.
b. Based on the plotted graph, determine the rate of reaction at time
i) 30 seconds
ii) 80 seconds
c. Based on the plotted graph, determine the average reaction rate in
i. 50 seconds
ii. The first 100 seconds
Learning Task 1.2 pg 8
Effective Practice A pg 8
HOMEWORK:
MODULE
M.S. 13-15
Size of reactant
► When solids react with liquids or gases, the size of the solid reaction material will affect the rate of
reaction.
►The smaller the size of the reactant, the greater total surface area exposed to the
reaction.
► Therefore, the rate of reaction will be higher
.
► The following graph shows the effect of the surface area of the reaction material on the rate of
reaction of the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid
Graf berikut menunjukkan kesan luas permukaan bahan tindak balas terhadap kadar tindak balas bagi
tindak balas antara kalsium karbonat dan asid hidroklorik.
Effect of Concentration
► The concentration of the reactant affects the rate of reaction of a liquid substance
► The higher the concentration, the higher the number of particles per volume unit.
► Therefore, the rate of reaction will be higher.
TYPE OF GRAPHS FOR RATE OF REACTION
CONCENTRATION VS TIME CONCENTRATION VS 1/TIME
Concentration/Kepekatan Concentration/Kepekatan
Effect of Temperature
Kesan suhu
► When temperature of the reaction increases, more particles gain a high kinetic
energy.
► Therefore, the rate of reaction will be higher.
► The following graph shows the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction of the reaction between
calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid
Temperature vs time Temperature vs 1/time
■ Graf kadar tindak balas
Effect of Catalyst
Kesan Mangkin
A substance that can alter the rate of chemical reaction but does not
affect the amount of reaction product]
Suatu bahan yang boleh mengubah kadar tindak balas kimia tetapi tidak
memberi kesan kepada jumlah hasil tindak balas]
.
Only a small number Specific actions
of catalysts are required. on specific
responses only.
► When gas pressure increases, the gas particles will collide more often
.
REACTION
Solving problems involving the factors affecting the rate of reaction.
• Example :
• Two experiments carried out to determine the rate of producing oxygen gas during the
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. In experiment I, 20 cm 3 of 2 mol dm-3 hydrogen
peroxide were used and the results of the experiment are shown on graph 1 below:
Lakarkan graf yang menunjukkan isipadu gas Hidrogen yang terbebas melawan masa
bagi setiap keadaan dengan membandingkannya terhadap Eksperimen I.
1.3: Collision Theory
Teori Perlanggaran
► Chemical reactions can occur when
collisions between particles occur
Untuk tindak balas boleh berlaku, perlanggaran berkesan mesti berlaku.
■ Perlanggaran berkesan
the reacting particles must be collide with each other to produce reaction :
Zarah-zarah bahan tindak balas mesti berlanggar antara satu sama lain untuk menghasilkan tindak balas
a) collide with each other
# in correct orientation, so that the breaking and formation of chemical bonds can occur
# posses energy that is equal to, or more than the minimum energy (activation energy)
– The higher the activation energy the lower the rate of reaction
– While
– The lower the activation energy the higher the rate of reaction
– Collision theory and affect of size of particle(jumlah luas permukaan)
The smaller the size of the reactant, the greater total surface area exposed to the
reaction.
Frequency of collision increase
Frequency of effective collision increase
► Therefore, the rate of reaction will be increase
Collision theory and effect of concentration
■
► The higher the concentration , the higher the number of particle per unit volume
.
Effective collision and affect of temperature
■
► When temperature of the reaction increases, more particles gain a high kinetic energy.
■ Mangkin Positif
► Menyediakan laluan tindak balas yang memerlukan tenaga pengaktifan yang lebih rendah.
► Lebih banyak zarah akan mempunyai tenaga yang cukup untuk mengatasi tenaga pengaktifan yang lebih
rendah.
■ Mangkin Negatif
► Melambatkan kadar tindak balas dengan meningkatkan tenaga pengaktifan tindak balas supaya
frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan dikurangkan.
Collision theory and pressure
■ Pressure will affect the rate of reaction of the gas-forming reaction
► When gas pressure increases, the gas particles will collide more often because the particles become closer to
each other
• Combustion of charcoal
• 1 Large pieces of charcoal will not catch fire easily because the total
surface area exposed to oxygen is small.
Applications of factors that affect rates of reaction in daily
life and in industrial processes
• Combustion of charcoal
• 1 From the economic point of view, catalysts play a vital role in industrial
processes.
Applications of factors that affect rates of reaction in daily
life and in industrial processes
• 3 In the chemical industry, small pellets of solid catalysts are used instead
of big lumps.
• This is to give a larger surface for catalytic reaction to occur and hence a
faster reaction will result.
Applications of factors that affect rates of reaction in daily
life and in industrial processes
• The manufacture of ammonia (Haber process)
• 1 The Haber process is an industrial process for the manufacture of
ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.
Applications of factors that affect rates of reaction in daily
life and in industrial processes
• 2 The following reaction scheme shows the steps involved in the manufacture of sulphuric
acid:
Applications of factors that affect rates of reaction in daily
life and in industrial processes
• The following reaction scheme shows the steps involved in the manufacture of nitric acid.
Applications of factors that affect rates of reaction in daily
life and in industrial processes
• The manufacture of nitric acid (Ostwald process)
• 2 In the Ostwald process, nitrogen monoxide, NO, is produced (step 1) when ammonia
gas is passed over the platinum (Pt) catalyst at about 900 ° C and 1-8 atmospheres.
► Nitrogen dan hidrogen dicampurkan dalam nisbah isipadu 1: 3 akan mengalir melalui besi (mangkin) yang
dicampurkan dengan aluminium oksida pada suhu 450-550 ℃ dan tekanan optimum 200 atmosfera.
► Alkana (molekul hidrokarbon yang besar) mengalir melalui aluminosilikat (mangkin) pada suhu kira-kira 500 ℃
dan tekanan 1 atmosfera.
■ Pembuatan marjerin
► Logam nickel digunakan dalam penghidrogenan minyak sayuran untuk membuat marjerin pada suhu kira-kira 180 ℃
dan tekanan 1 atmosfera.
1.2.1 - Aktiviti Makmal: Kesan Luas Permukaan ke atas Kadar Tindak Balas
Tujuan: Untuk menunjukkan kesan luas permukaan ke atas kadar tindak balas.
Pernyataan masalah: Bagaimanakah jumlah luas permukaan bahan tindak balas mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas?
Hipothesis: Semakin besar luas permukaan bahan tindak balas yang terdedah, semakin tinggi kadar tindak balas.
Pembolehubah:
» Pembolehubah dimalarkan: Suhu dan kuantiti bahan tindak balas
» Pembolehubah dimanipulasikan: Saiz bahan tindak balas
» Pembolehubah bergerakbalas: Kadar tindak balas
Bahan:
» Ketulan kalsium karbonat
» Serbuk kalsium karbonat
» 0.2mol dm-3 Hidroklorik asid
Radas:
» Buret
» Kon kelalang
» Silinder penyukat
» Jam randik
» Kaki retort dengan pengapit
» Besin
» Salur penghantaran
1. Satu buret yang penuh dengan air diterbalikkan ke dalam besin yang mengandungi air dan kemudian
diapit menegak dengan kaki retort.
2. Paras air dalam buret dilaraskan supaya isipadu air yang boleh dibaca dan bacaan buret awal direkodkan.
3. 5g ketulan kalsium karbonat ditimbang dan dimasukkan ke dalam kelalang kon.
4. 50cm3 asid hidroklorik, 0.2mol dm-3 diukur dengan silinder penyukat dan memasukkan ke dalam
kelalang kon.
5. Asid hidroklorik dituang ke dalam kelalang kon yang mengandungi ketulan kalsium karbonat dan ditutup
segera dengan salur penghantaran.
6. Jam randik dimulakan dengan serta-merta.
7. Kelalang kon digoncang perlahan-lahan dan isipadu gas yang terbebas diperhatikan dan direkodkan setiap
30 saat.
8. Eksperimen diulangi dengan menggantikan ketulan kalsium karbonat dengan 5g serbuk kalsium karbonat.
► Ketulan kalsium karbonat Serbuk kalsium karbonat
Masa(s) Bacaan buret (cm3)Isipadu gas (cm3) Masa (s) Bacaan buret (cm3)Isipadu gas (cm3)
0 50 0 0 50 0
30 46 4 30 40 10
60 42 8 60 35 15
90 40 10 90 31 19
120 37 13 120 26 24
150 35 15 150 23 27
180 33 17 180 20 30
210 31 19 210 17 33
240 29 21 240 14 36
270 27 23 270 12 38
300 25 25 300 10 40
Kadar tindak balas purata dalam 300 saat:
► Berdasarkan graf,
kecerunan bagi serbuk kalsium karbonat adalah lebih curam berbanding dengan ketulan kalsium karbonat. I
ni menunjukkan bahawa kadar tindak balas bagi serbuk kalsium karbonat lebih tinggi
Perbincangan:
► Kalsium karbonatbertindak balas dengan asid hidroklorik cair untuk menghasilkan karbon dioksida gas,
seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam persamaan berikut:
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
► Serbuk kalsium karbonat mempunyai jumlah luas permukaan terdedah yang lebih besar berbanding
dengan ketulan kalsium karbonat. Oleh itu, kadar tindak balas bagi serbuk kalsium karbonat lebih tinggi.
► Berdasarkan kepada keputusan eksperimen, kadar tindak balas berkurang dengan masa (kecerunan graf
yang berkurangan dengan masa yang semakin meningkat). Kepekatan asid hidroklorik dan jisim kalsium
karbonat berkurangan dengan masa.
Kesimpulan:
► Semakin kecil saiz bahan tindak balas, semakin tinggi kadar tindak balas